Missionaries, Masculinities and War: The London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, c.1860–1899

References

• Barringer , T. , ‘What Mrs Jellyby Might Have Read. Missionary Periodicals: A Neglected Source’ , Victorian Periodical Review , 37 , 4 2004 , 46 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Binfield , C. , So Down to Prayers: Studies in English Nonconformity, 1780–1920 London : Dent , 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowie , F. , Kirkwood D. and Ardener , S. , Women and Missions: Past and Present: Anthropological and Historical Perceptions Oxford : Berg , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , S.B. , Longwood , M.W. and Muesse , M.W. , Redeeming Men: Religion and Masculinities Kentucky : John Knox Press , 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , A. , Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865– 1915 London : University of North Carolina Press , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , A. , ‘Contesting the Zenana: The Mission to Make “Lady Doctors for India” 1874–1885’ , The Journal of British Studies , 35 , 3 1996 , 368 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabitt , G. and Warren , A. , Heroic Reputations and Exemplary Lives Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Carnegie , D. , Among the Matabele London : Religious Tract Society , 1894 .
   Google Scholar
• Chronicle of the London Missionary Society (1867–1910) .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , N. 1991 . “ ‘Strenuous Idleness: Thomas Carlyle and the Man of Letters as Hero’ ” . In Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 , Edited by: Roper , M. and Tosh , J. 29 – 43 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff , J. and J. , Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa Chicago and London : Chicago University Press , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Connell , R.W. , Masculinities Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Dachs , A.J. , ‘Missionary Imperialism – the Case of Bechuanaland’ , The Journal of African History , 13 , 4 1972 , 647 – 658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , G. , Soldier Heroes, British Adventure, Empire and the Imaginings of Masculinities London and New York : Routledge , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• De Gruchy , J.W. , ‘“Who Did They Think They Were?”: Some Reflections from a Theologian on Grand Narratives and Identity in the History of Missions’ , in A. Porter , The Imperial Horizons of Protestant Missions, 1880–1914 Michigan : Grand Rapids , 2003 , 213 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Dundink , S. , Hagermann , K. and Tosh , J. , Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• N. Erlank , ‘Sexual Misconduct and Church Power on Scottish Mission Stations in Xhosaland, South Africa, in the 1840s’ , Gender and History , 15 , 1 2003 , 69 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis-Dehqani , G. 2002 . “ ‘Medical Missions and the History of Feminism: Emmeline Stuart of the CMS Persia Mission’ ” . In Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain, 1750–1900 , Edited by: Morgan , S. 197 – 213 . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , R. , ‘“A Peculiar and Exceptional Measure”: The Call for Women Medical Missionaries for India in the Later Nineteenth Century’ , in R. Bickers and R. Seton , Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues Richmond : Curzon Press , 1996 , 174 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaitskell , D. 2003 . “ ‘Rethinking Gender Roles: The Field Experience of Women Missionaries in South Africa’ ” . In The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914 , Edited by: Porter , A. 131 – 158 . Michigan : Grand Rapids .
   Google Scholar
• Gaitskell , D. 1996 . “ ‘Women and Education in South Africa: How Helpful are the Mission Archives?’ ” . In Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues , Edited by: Bickers , R. and Seton , R. 114 – 128 . Richmond : Curzon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , J.S. 2002 . War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grimshaw , P. and Sherlock , P. 2005 . “ ‘Women and Cultural Exchanges’ ” . In Missions and Empire: The Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series , Edited by: Etherington , N. 173 – 194 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , G. 2005 . “ ‘Popular Imperial Adventure Fiction and the Discourse of Missionary Texts’ ” . In Mixed Messages: Materiality Textuality, Missions , Edited by: Griffiths , G. and Scott , J.S. 51 – 66 . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths G. and Scott , J.S. , Mixed Messages: Materiality, Textuality, Missions Basingstoke : Palgrave , 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Haggis , J. 1998 . “A Heart that has Felt the Love of God and Longs for Others to Know It”: Conventions of Gender, Tensions of Self and Constructions of Difference in Offering to Be a Lady Missionary’ . Women's History Review , 7 : 171 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall C. and Rose S.O. , At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. , Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 Cambridge, Polity Press , 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. , Cultures of Empire, A Reader: Colonisers in Britain and the Empire in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Manchester: Manchester University Press , 2000 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. 1992 . White, Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History , Cambridge : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , D.E. , Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn , J.D. ( C.H. Lyall ), Twenty Years in Khama's Country, and Pioneering among the Bechauana of Lake Ngami London : Hodder and Stoughton , 1895 .
   Google Scholar
• Jayasena , N. 2007 . Contested Masculinities: Crises in Colonial Male Identity from Joseph Conrad to Satyajit Ray , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , E. 2004 . Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Langmore , D. 1989 . Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874–1914 , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , P. , Gender and Empire: The Oxford History of The British Empire Companion Series Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Lovett , R. , The History of the London Missionary Society 1795–1895 , Volume 1 London : Oxford University Press , 1899 .
   Google Scholar
• Lovett , R. , The History of the London Missionary Society 1795–1895 , Volume 2 London : Oxford University Press , 1899 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , J. , Austral Africa: Losing it or Ruling it , Volumes I and II London : Sampson Low , 1887 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , J. 1871 . Ten Years North of the Orange River , Edinburgh : Edmonston and Douglas .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , J.M. , Popular Imperialism and the Military, 1850–1950 Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , J.M. , ‘The Imperial Pioneer and Hunter and the British Masculine Stereotype in Late Victorian and Edwardian Times’ , in Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America 1800–1940 Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1987 , 176 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , J.M . 2000 . “ ‘The Iconography of the Exemplary Life: The Case of David Livingstone’ ” . In Heroic Reputations and Exemplary Lives , Edited by: Cabitt , G. and Warren , A. 84 – 104 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie , W.D. 1902 . John Mackenzie: South African Missionary and Statesman , London : Hodder and Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Mangan J.A. and Walvin , J. , Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America 1800–1940 Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , K. 1991 . “ ‘The Representative Artisan’ ” . In Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 , Edited by: Roper , M. and Tosh , J. 74 – 91 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Midgley , C. 2006 . ‘Can Women Be Missionaries? Envisioning Female Agency in the Early Nineteenth-Century British Empire’ . Journal of British Studies , 45 : 335 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley , C. , Gender and Imperialism Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , S. 2003 . “ ‘Gender and Colonial Space’ ” . In Feminist Postcolonial Theory , Edited by: Lewis , R. and Mills , S. 692 – 719 . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Missionary Magazine and Chronicle (1840–1966) .
   Google Scholar
• Missionary Quarterly Sketches (1840–1885) .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. , Changing Men in Southern Africa Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press , 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. 2001 . From Boys to Gentlemen: Settler Masculinity in Colonial Natal, 1880 1920 , Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. , ‘Of Boys and Men: Masculinity and Gender in Southern Africa Studies , Journal of Southern African Studies: Special Issue on Masculinities in Southern Africa , 24 , 4 1998 , 605 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , R. 1997 . Mapping Men and Empire: A Geography of Adventure , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , A. 2004 . Missions versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , A. , The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914 Michigan : Grand Rapids , 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , M. and Tosh , J. , Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 London : Routledge , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowbotham , J. 2000 . ‘“Soldiers of Christ?”: Images of Female Missionaries in Late Nineteenth-century Britain’ . Gender and History , 12 : 82 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Semple , R.A. , ‘Missionary Manhood: Professionalism, Belief and Masculinity in the Nineteenth Century British Imperial Field’ , The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 36 , 3 2008 397 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seton , R. , ‘“Open Doors for Female Labourers”: Women Candidates of the London Missionary Society, 1875–1914’ , in R. Bickers and R. Seton , Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues Richmound : Curzon Press , 1996 , 50 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Sillery , A. 1971 . John Mackenzie of Bechuanaland 1835–1899: A Study in Humanitarian Imperialism , Cape Town : Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Sinha , M. , Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , B. 1990 . The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries , Leicester : Apollo .
   Google Scholar
• Streets , H. 2004 . Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity, in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Summers , C. 1999 . ‘Mission Boys, Civilized Men and Marriage: Educated African Men in the Missions of Southern Rhodesia 1920–1945’ . Journal of Religious History , 23 ( 1 ) : 75 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman , H. 1995 . Victorian Masculinities: Manhood and Masculine Poetics in Early Victorian Literature and Art , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thorne , S. 1999 . Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19^th Century England , California : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thorne , S. 1999 . “ ‘Missionary Imperial Feminism’ ” . In Gendered Missions: Women and Men in Missionary Discourse and Practice , Edited by: Taylor Huber , M. and Lutkehaus , N.C. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thorne , S. 2006 . “ ‘Religion and Empire at Home’ ” . In At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World , Edited by: Hall , C. and Rose , S.O. 143 – 66 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tosh , J. 1999 . A Man's Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tosh , J. 2005 . Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-century Britain: Essays on Gender, Family, and Empire , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Vincent , M. 2001 . ‘Gender and Warfare in Europe: Introduction’ . Contemporary European History: Theme Issue: Gender and War in Europe, c. 1918–1949 , 10 : 345 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , P.J. , ‘“I Live for not I for Christ Liveth in Me”: Men and Masculinity in the Salvation Army, 1865–90’ , in M. Roper and J. Tosh , Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 London : Routledge , 1991 , 92 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolacott , A. 2006 . Gender and Empire , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar