- Ogot , B. A. 1974 . War and Society m Africa London D.I. Ray, P. Shinnie and D. Williams, eds, Into the 80s: Hie Proceedings of the lltlx Annual Conference of the Canadian Association of African Studies vol. 1 (Vancouver, 1981), 250ff
- Cobbing , J. 1988 . Journal of African History , : 3 – 519 . This is the accusation made by in ‘The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo’, 29, 487.See also J. Wright, ‘Political Mythology and the Making of Natal's Mfecane’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 23 (1989). H. Kjekshus, Ecolog Control and Economic Development in East African History: The Case of Tanganyika 1850–1950 (London, 1972), ch. 1, argues that the impact of wars in nineteenth century Tanganyika ‘may have been small’, a view questioned by J. Koponen, ‘War, Famine, and Pestilence in Late Precolonial Tanzania: A Case for Heightened Mortality’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 21, 4 (1988)
- Steinhart , E. 1977 . Conflict and Collaboration: The Kingdoms of Weston Uganda 1890–1907 Princeton, NJ ch. 1
- Mazrui , A. A. 1977 . The Warrior Tradition in African Society Leiden See
- Ajayi , J. F.A. and Smith , R. S. 1964 . Yoruba Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Cambridge and Ibadan R.S. Smith, Warfare and Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa (London, 1976);R.S. Smith, Kingdoms of the Yoruba (London, 1969, rev. ed., 1988), ch. 9
- Goody , J. 1971 . Technology, Tradition and t)te State in Africa Oxford
- For an accessible account see M. Last, ‘Reform in West Africa: The Jihad Movements of the Nineteenth Century’, ch. 1 in J.F.A Ajayi and M. Crowder, eds., History of Wat Africa, vol. 2 (London, 1987)
- Wilks , I. 1975 . Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order Cambridge ch. 3.See also S.P. Reyna's study of the Bagirmi, a small state southeast of Lake Chad, Wars Without End: The Political Economy of a Precolonial African State (Hanover, 1990)
- Ajayi and Smith . Yoruba Warfare 53
- McCarthy , M. 1983 . Social Change and the Growth of British Power in the Gold Coast: The Fante States 1807–1874 Lanham, MD 81ff
- Crummey , D. 1971 . Journal of Ethiopian Studies , 9 : 2 Warfare in Tewodros’ reign is discussed in measured terms by, ‘The Violence of Tewodros’, See also K. Darkwah, Shewa, Menilek and the Ethiopian Empire, 1813–1889 (London, 1975)
- Wesseling , H. L. 1989 . “ eds. ” . In Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa Edited by: de , J. A. Leiden Moor and part 4;AJ. Matson, Nandi Resistance to British Rule (Nairobi, 1972);E. Isichei, The Igbo People and the Europeans (London, 1973)
- Cobbing, ‘The Mfecane as Alibi’. The literature on the wars on the Eastern Frontier is extensive; see M. Wilson, ‘Co-operation and Conflict: The Eastern Cape Frontier’, in M. Wilson and L. Thompson, eds, A History of South Africa to 1870 (London, 1982)
- Peires , J. B. 1989 . The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–7 Johannesburg
- Guy , J. 1980 . The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand 1879–1884 London
- Flint , J. 1960 . Sir George Goldie and the Making of Nigeria 206 Oxford Quoted in See also M. Crowder, West African Resistance: 77ie Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London, 1971);D. Killingray, ‘Colonial Warfare in West Africa 1870–1914’, in De Moor and Wesseling, Imperialism and War O. Ikime, Tlie Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London, 1977)
- Lonsdale , J. “ The Conquest State in Kenya ” . in De Moor and Wesseling, Imperialism and War.
- Gwassa , G. C.K. and Iliffe , J. 1979 . “ The Outbreak and Development of the Maji Maji War 1905–07 ” . In A Modem History of Tanganyika 200 Cambridge
- See the exchange of letters in the Southern African Review of Books, Feb./May, June/July, and Aug./Oct. 1990
- Bridgeman , J. 1981 . The Revolt of the Hereros Berkeley H. Bley, South West Africa under German Rule 1894–1914 (Evanston, 1971);H. Dreschler, Let Us Die Fighting (London, 1980)
- Trebilcock , C. and Winter , J. M. , eds. 1975 . “ ‘War and the Failure of Industrial Mobilisation: 1899 and 1914’ ” . In War and Economic Development 139 – 64 . Cambridge See, ed.
- Warwick , P. and Spies , S. B. 1981 . “ eds ” . In The South Africa War: The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 London P. Warwick, Black People and the South African War (Cambridge, 1983);J. Comaroff, Sol T. Plaatje. Mafeking Diary. A Black Man's View of a White Man's War (London, 1973;2nd. ed. 1990);B. Nasson, Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 (Cambridge, 1991)
- Krikler , J. 1986 . Social Dynamics , 12 : 2 “The Transvaal Agrarian Class Struggle in the South African War, 1899–1902’
- van Onselen , C. 1982 . Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand 1886–1914 Harlow D. Cammack, The Rand at War 1899–1902 (London, 1990)
- Michel , M. 1982 . L'Appel a L'Afrique: Contributions et Reactions a L'Effort de Guerre en A.O.F. 1914–1919 Paris M. Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: Les Tirraileurs Seneelais in French West Africa, 1857–1960 (London, 1990)
- Page , M. ‘The War of Thangata: Nyasaland and the East African Campaign, 1914–1918’, The Journal of African History, 19,1 (1978);M. Page, ‘Malawians in the Great War’ (PhD thesis, Michigan State University, 1977);M. Page, ed., Africa and the First World War (London, 1987);A. Clayton and D. Savage, Government and Labour in Kenya 1895–1963 (London, 1974);G.W.T. Hodges, ‘African Manpower Statistics for the British Forces in East Africa, 1914–1918’, Journal of African History 19, 1 (1978);G.W.T. Hodges, ‘The Carrier Corps’: Military Labour in the East African Campaign, 1914–1918 (Westport, 1986);I.R.G. Spencer, ‘The First World War and the Origins of the Dual Policy of Development in Kenya, 1914–1922’, World Development 9, 8 (1981);EJ. Yorke, ‘A Crisis of Colonial Control: War and Authority in Northern Rhodesia, 1914–19’ (PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1984)
- Willan , B. “ The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1914–1918 ” . Journal of African History, 19,1 (1978);A. Grundlingh, Figluing Their Own War: South African Blacks in the First World War (Johannesburg, 1987)
- Elgood , P. G. 1924 . Egypt and the Army London P. Caddy, ‘British Policy and Egyptian Unrest, 1914–1920’ (PhD thesis, University of London, 1982)
- Maddox , G. 1990 . Journal of African History , 31 : 2 ‘Mtunya: Famine in Central Tanzania, 1917–20’
- Lonsdale , J. 1981 . “ ‘State and Peasantry in Colonial Africa’ ” . In People's History and Socialist Theory Edited by: Samuel , R. 112 London in, ed., J. Overton, ‘War and Economic Underdevelopment? State exploitation and African Response in Kenya 1914–1918’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, 2 (1989)
- Kjekshus, Ecology Control and Economic Development, 153
- There is a growing literature on the influenza pandemic in Africa. For background, see K.D. Patterson, ‘The Demographic Impact of the 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Preliminary Assessment’, in C. Fyfe and D. McMaster, eds, African Historical Demography, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1981);K.D. Patterson and G.F. Pyle, “The Diffusion of Influenza in Sub-Saharan Africa during 1918–19’, Social Science Medicine 17,17 (1983). For southern Africa see H. Phillips, ‘Black October’: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa (Pretoria, 1990);H. Phillips, “The Local State and Public Health Reform in South Africa: Bloemfontein and the Consequences of the Spanish ‘Flu Epidemic of 1918’, Journal of Southern African Studies 13, 2 (1987);H. Phillips, ‘South Africa's Worst Demographic Disaster: The Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918’, South African Historical Journal 20 (1988);I.R. Phimister, “The “Spanish” Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and its Impact on the Southern Rhodesian Mining Industry’, Central African Journal of Medicine 19 (1973);J.V. Spear, ‘An Epidemic among the Bakgatla: The Influenza of 1918’, Botswana Notes and Records 11 (1979);T.O. Ranger, “The Influenza Pandemic in Southern Rhodesia: A Crisis of Comprehension’, in D. Arnold, ed., Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies (Manchester, 1989). Also see D. Arnold, “The Influenza Epidemic of 1918–19 in the Gold Coast’, Journal of African History 24, 4 (1984);R. Pankhurst, “The “Hedar Basita” of 1918’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies 13 (1975)
- Ohadike , D. C. 1981 . ‘The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19 and the Spread of Cassava Cultivation in the Lower Niger A Study in Historical Linkages’ . Journal of African History , 22 : 3
- Phillips, ‘South Africa's Worst Demographic Disaster’, 69 and 73
- Coquery-Vidrovitch , E. g. C. 1988 . Africa: Endurance and Change South of the Sahara Berkeley 38ff
- Roberts , A. , ed. 1986 . The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 7.1905–1940. Cambridge See the chapters, especially ch. 3 by Richard Gray, in, ed.
- Shepperson , G. and Price , T. 1958 . Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915 Edinburgh The literature on religious movements in this period is extensive. A seminal work isand more recently see K.E. Fields, Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa (Princeton, 1985), and E. Yorke, ‘The Spectre of a Second Chilembwe: Government, Missions, and Social Control in Wartime Northern Rhodesia’, Journal of African History 31, 3 (1990)
- Killingray , D. and Rathbone , R. 1986 . “ eds ” . In Africa and the Second World War London
- Giblin , J. L. “ The Vichy Years in French Africa ” . (MA thesis, McGill University, 1978);N. Lawler, ‘Reform and Repression under the Free French: Economic and Political Transformation in the Cote d'lvoire, 1942–45’, Africa 60, 1 (1990);K.P. Vickery, ‘The Second World War Revival of Forced Labor in the Rhodesias’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, 3 (1989)
- Watts , M. 1983 . Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria Berkeley C. Newbury, The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicitiy in Rwanda, 1860–1960 (New York, 1988)
- Thompson , B. G. “ Uganda and the Second World War ” . (PhD thesis, University of London, 1990)
- White , L. 1990 . The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi 148 – 9 . Chicago 168–9, 179–181
- Dubow , S. 1989 . Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa, 1919–36 London 40, 52
- Grundlingh , L. W.F. 1986 . The Participation of South African Blacks in the Second World War Rand Afrikaans University . (DLitt thesis, See also D. Moodie, ‘The South African State and Industrial Conflict in the 1940s’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 21, 1 (1988)
- Nuttall , T. “ African Workers and World War Two in Durban ” . E.g. (Paper presented at the Thirteenth Biennial Conference of the South African Historical Society, Pretoria, 1991)
- Davidson , B. 1981 . The People's Cause: A History of Guerrillas in Africa London
- Throup , D. 1987 . Economic and Social Origins ofMau Mau London For the British white settler colonies of east and central Africa seeT. Kanogo, Squatters and the Roots ofMau Mau (London, 1988);and T.O. Ranger, Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe (London, 1985)
- Lan , D. 1985 . Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe London Seeand Ranger, Peasant Consciousness.
- Bender , G. T. 1978 . Angola Under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality 195 London
- Newitt , M. 1981 . Portugal in Africa: The Last Hundred Years 239 London
- Home , A. 1977 . A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 London
- Reynolds , P. “ Children of Tribulation: The Need to Heal and the Means to Heal War Trauma ” . Africa, 60,1 (1990);I. Staunton, ed., Mothers of the Revolution: The War Experiences of Thirty Zimbabwean Women (London, 1991)
- Dodge , C. P. and Wiebe , P. D. 1985 . “ eds ” . In Crisis in Uganda: The Breakdown of Health Services Oxford C.P, Dodge and M. Raundalen, eds, War, Violence and Children in Uganda (Oslo, 1989)
- Bates , R. R. , Rimmer , D. , Bratton , M. and Cheatham , M. 1991 . “ ed. ” . In Africa Thirty Years On 1990 London ‘Food as a Weapon: The Effects of Civil Conflict on Food Security in Africa’ (Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, California, 2 Sep.)
- Clapham , C. 1990 . Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia Cambridge, paperback ed. postscript, 249–50
- Zartman , I. W. 1989 . Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa New York, updated ed. surveys the current conflicts in Africa
- Markakis , J. 1987 . National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa Cambridge
- Kismaric , C. 1989 . Forced Out: The Agony of Refugees in our Time Harmondsworth (And for the Horn, an area seriously affected by large-scale refugee movement, see M. Bulcha, Flight and Interaction: Causes of Mass Exodus from Ethiopia and Problems of Integration in the Sudan (Uppsala, 1988)
- Clarence-Smith , G. 1989 . ‘Letters’ . South African Review of Books , : 7 – 10 . (Apr./May, and correspondence in following issues. T. Young, ‘The MNR/RENAMO: External and Internal Dynamics’, African Affairs 89, 357 (1990)
- Hall , M. 1990 . “The Mocambican National Resistance Movement (RENAMO): A Study in the Destruction of an African Country’ . Africa , 60 : 1 (South Africa's policies to destabilise its neighbours are carefully documented and described by Joseph Hanlon in two books, Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa (London, 1986) and Apartheid's Second Front: South Africa's War against its Neighbours (Harmondsworth, 1986). See also P. Johnson and D. Martin, eds, Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at War (Harare, 1986), and republished as Frontline Southern Africa: Destructive Engagement (London, 1989);and also their Apartheid Terrorism: The Destabilisation Report (London, 1989). The political, social and economic condition of the SADCC states is usefully discussed by S. Smith, Frontline Africa: The Right to a Future (Oxford, 1990)
- Cock , J. and Nathan , L. 1989 . “ eds ” . In War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa 2 Cape Town
- Grundy , K. W. 1986 . The Militarization of South African Politics London J. Frederikse, South Africa: A Different Kind of War (Johannesburg, 1986)
South African Historical Journal
Volume 25, 1991 - Issue 1