- Nwulia , M. D.E. 1981 . The History of Slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810–1875 18 – 19 . East Brunswick
- Toussaint , A. 1936 . Port-Louis: Deux Siècles d'Histoire (1735-1795) 63 – 118 . Port Louis
- Campbell , G. 1989 . “ Madagascar and Mozambique in the Slave Trade of the Western Indian Ocean, 1800–1861 ” . In The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade Edited by: Clarence-Smith , G. London in W., ed.,J. Armstrong, ‘Madagascar and the Slave Trade in the Seventeenth Century’, Omaly sy Anio, 17–20 (1983), 211–33
- South African based scholars have worked on slavery in the Indian Ocean region, particularly G. Campbell on Madagascar and M.D. North-Coombes on Mauritius. However this work has been little used by writers on Cape slavery
- Southey , N. Historia , 37 The trends in Cape slave historiography are outlined in, ‘From Periphery to Core: The Treatment of Cape Slavery in South African Historiography’, 2 (Nov. 1992), 24–36, and G. Cuthbertson, ‘Cape Slavery: Enslaved to American Historiography?’ (Paper delivered at American Studies Conference, Grahamstown, December 1991). The conference ‘Cape slavery-and After’ is discussed in A. Bank, ‘History Conference-Cape Slavery’, Southern African Discourse, 1 (1989), 68. The papers concerned with nineteenth century changes and the aftermath of emancipation have been extensively revised and are shortly to be published in N. Worden and C. Crais, eds, Breaking the Chains: Slavery and Emancipation in the Nineteenth Century Cape Colony (Johannesburg, forthcoming)
- Hazareesingh , K. 1975 . History of Indians in Mauritius London For instance, U. Bissoon-doyal, ed., Indians Overseas: The Mauritian Experience (Moka, 1984)
- Nwulia, History of Slavery;B. Benedict, ‘Slavery and Indenture in Mauritius and Seychelles’, in J. Watson, ed., Asian and African Systems of Slavery (Oxford, 1980), 135–68. The research of M.D. North-Coombes, a South African economic historian with close Mauritian connections, was a major breakthrough, although he was unable to examine archival material. His thesis, ‘Labour Problems in the Sugar Industry of the Ile de France or Mauritius, 1790–1842’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1978) remains unpublished, but subsequent writings have been influential, particularly on the transition from slave to indentured labour in the mid-nineteenth century: see especially M.D. North-Coombes, ‘From Slavery to Indenture: Forced Labour in the Political Economy of Mauritius, 1834–1867’, in K. Saunders, ed., Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834–1920 (London and Canberra, 1984), 78–125
- Bissoondoyal , U. and Servansing , S. B. C. 1989 . “ eds ” . In Slavery in the South-West Indian Ocean Moka preface
- Nwulia, History of Slavery, 19; N. Worden, Slavery in Dutch South Africa (Cambridge, 1985), 32
- Armstrong , J. , Worden , N. , Elphick , R. and Giliomee , H. 1989 . “ eds ” . In The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840 110 – 22 . Cape Town Of course, Malagasy, Mozambican and other African slaves formed an important part of the Cape slave population of the eighteenth century and the VOC also established trading links with these areas. However the French depended to a far greater extent on the south-west Indian Ocean slave trading system:; J.M. Filliot, La Traite des Esclaves vers les Mascareignes au XVIIIe Siècle (Paris, 1974)
- For slave figures in Mauritius, see North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 88, although as he points out statistics collected by the French authorities were not completely reliable. The Cape figures are based on the official census return (opgaaf) taken by the Cape government. When the British took over in 1795, the numbers in the returns jumped by over 5,000. Some new slaves were imported by the British, but it also seems that either the VOC had under-recorded because of inefficiency towards the end of their period of rule, or else they had deliberately excluded slaves owned (illegally) by Company officials
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 92–3; Worden, Slavery in Dutch South Africa, 52–63
- Asgarally , I. “ Les Révoltes d'Esclaves dans les Mascareignes ou “l'Histoire du Silence” . in Bissoondoyal and Servansing, Slavery, 176–88
- Elkins , S. 1959 . Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life Chicago The original debate was triggered by the controversial claims of metropolitan influences on slave societies inand most effectively challenged in E. Genovese, The World the Slaveholders Made (New York, 1969)
- Nagapen , A. “ Le Catholicisme des Esclaves a l'Ile Maurice ” . in Bissoondoyal and Servansing, Slavery, 138–57
- Elphick , R. and Shell , R. “ Intergroup Relations: Khoikhoi, Settlers, Slaves and Free Blacks, 1652–1795 ” . in Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, 214–24; R. Allen, ‘Economic Marginality and the Rise of the Free Population of Colour in Mauritius, 1767–1830’, Slavery and Abolition, 10 (1989), 131–2
- Allen, ‘Economic Marginality’, 133; L. Hattingh, Die Eerste Vryswanes van Stellenbosch, 1679–1720 (Bellville, 1981)
- Mannick , A. R. 1979 . Mauritius: The Development of a Plural Society Nottingham 32; North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, chapter 3
- Giliomee , H. Afrikaner Political Thought: Analysis and Documents, 1780–1850 A. du Toit and, vol. 1 (Cape Town, 1983), 32
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 321
- Allen, ‘Economic Marginality’, 140–2; Nwulia, History of Slavery, 56; G. Okoth, ‘Nineteenth Century Goods Trade in the Western Ocean’ (Paper presented at Colloque International, ‘Pouvoirs et Etats dans l'Histoire de Madagascar et l'Océan Indien', Antananarivo, May 1992)
- Toussaint , A. 1974 . Histoire des Iles Mascareignes 177 Paris
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 168–75; R. Scott, Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899 (Princeton, 1985), 20–1
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 179
- Campbell , G. “ Madagascar and Mozambique ” . 169
- Nagapen, ‘Catholicisme des Esclaves’, 139; S. Reddi, ‘Aspects of Slavery during the British Administration’, in Bissoondoyal and Servansing, Slavery, 108–9
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 204–12
- C Saunders . 1985 . ‘Liberated Africans in the Cape Colony in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century’ . International Journal of African Historical Studies , 18 : 2 – 39 . 223; C. Crais, ‘Slavery and Freedom along a Frontier The Eastern Cape, South Africa, 1770–1838’, Slavery and Abolition, 11 (1990), 198
- Armstrong and Worden, ‘The Slaves’, 132
- M. Rayner, ‘Wine and Slaves: The Failure of an Export Economy and the Ending of Slavery in the Cape Colony, South Africa, 1806–34’ (PhD thesis, Duke University, 1986), 8a and 16a
- Rayner, ‘Wine and Slaves’, 66–72
- Benedict, ‘Slavery and Indenture’, 138–9
- Bank , A. 1991 . The Decline of Urban Slavery at the Cape, 1806–1834 University of Cape Town, Centre for African Studies, Communications No. 22
- Bank, Decline of Urban Slavery, 210
- Bank, Decline of Urban Slavery, 185
- Important work on the Free Black community in Cape Town is currently under way by A. Whyte (forthcoming PhD thesis, Princeton University)
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 238
- Nwulia, History of Slavery, 80–2; Allen, ‘Economic Marginality’, 137
- Backhouse , J. 1844 . Narrative of a Visit to [the] Mauritius and South Africa 17 London
- For details of the amelioration legislation, see Nwulia, History of Slavery, 88–143; M. Rayner, ‘Slaves, Slaveowners and the British State: The Cape Colony, 1806–1834’, The Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries (University of London, Institute of Commonwealth Studies), 12 (1981);W. Dooling, ‘Slaves, Slaveowners and Amelioration in Graaff-Reinet, 1823–1830’ (BA Hons thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989);J. Mason, ‘The Slaves and their Protectors: Reforming Resistance in a Slave Society, the Cape Colony, 1826–1834’ Journal of Southern African Studies, 17, 1 (1991), 106–9
- Mason , J. “ Slaveholder Resistance to the Amelioration of Slavery at the Cape ” . (Paper delivered to ‘Western Cape: Roots and Realities’ Conference, University of Cape Town, July 1986)
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 235–7
- Toussaint , A. 1946 . Les Missions d'Adrien d'Epinay, 1830–1834 Port Louis
- Burroughs , P. “The Mauritius Rebellion of 1832 and the Abolition of British Colonial Slavery' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 4 3 (1975-6), 243–65
- Watson , R. 1991 . The Slave Question: Liberty and Property in South Africa Johannesburg The fullest account of these issues is
- Dooling , W. 1992 . Law and Community in a Slave Society: Stellenbosch District, South Africa, c.1760-1820 University of Cape Town, Centre for African Studies, Communications No . 23
- For instance, Dooling, ‘Slaves, Slaveowners and Amelioration’;J. Mason, ‘“Fit for Freedom”: The Slaves, Slavery and Emancipation in the Cape Colony, South Africa, 1806 to 1842’ (PhD thesis, Yale University, 1992). Sensitivity to gender in the application and responses to amelioration is revealed in important work by P. van der Spuy, ‘Slave Women and the Family in Cape Town after the Abolition of the Slave Trade’ (Paper delivered to the Sixth Cape Town History Workshop, University of Cape Town, November 1991) and her forthcoming MA thesis (University of Cape Town, 1992) and P. Scully, ‘Private and Public Worlds of Emancipation in the Rural Western Cape, c.1830-1842’, in Worden and Crais, Breaking the Chains.
- Mason , J. 1990 . ‘Hendrik Albertus and his Ex-Slave Mey: A Drama in Three Acts’ . Journal of African History , 31 : 3 – 45 . 423
- Reddi, ‘Aspects of Slavery’, 118
- M. Nwulia, ‘The “Apprenticeship” System in Mauritius’, African Studies Review, 21 (1978), 89–101; N. Worden, ‘Between Slavery and Freedom: Apprenticeship at the Cape, 1834–1838’, in Worden and Crais, Breaking the Chains.
- Backhouse , J. 1839 . Extracts from the Letters of James Backhouse when Engaged on a Religious Visit to the Island of Mauritius 25 London
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 351; L. Meltzer, ‘The Growth of Cape Town Commerce and the Role of John Fairbairn's Advertiser (1835-1859)’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989), 43–87
- North-Coombes, ‘From Slavery to Indenture’, 81
- Carter , M. “ The Transition from Apprenticeship to Indentured Labour A Case Study of Mauritius ” . (Paper delivered at ‘From Chattel to Wage Labour’ Conference, University of London, May 1991)
- Campbell, ‘Madagascar and Mozambique’, 169
- Reddi , S. “ The Establishment of the Indian Indenture System, 1834–42 ” . in Bissoondoyal, Indians Overseas, 1–17; Hazareesingh, History of Indians in Mauritius, 11–23; H. Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 (Oxford, 1974), 17
- North-Coombes, ‘From Slavery to Indenture’, 88–9
- Hurrynag , R. ‘L'Etat Mauricien de 1810 à 1967: l'Evolution de ses Structures politico-administratives' (Paper presented at Colloque International, ‘Pouvoirs et Etats dans l'Histoire de Madagascar et l'Océan Indien', Antananarivo, May 1992)
- North-Coombes, ‘From Slavery to Indenture’, 89
- Carter, ‘Transition’
- 1842 . An Account of the Island of Mauritius and its Dependencies by a Late Official Resident 112 London Anon
- Recent work on the post-emancipation western Cape has been rich and is piecing together a hitherto completely neglected topic. Most notably, J. Marinkowitz, ‘Rural Production and Labour in the Western Cape, 1838–1888, with Special Reference to the Wheat Growing Districts’ (PhD thesis, University of London, 1985);E. Host, ‘Capitalisation and Proletarianization on a Western Cape Farm: Klaver Valley, 1812–1898’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992);E. Ludlow, ‘Missions and Emancipation in the South Western Cape: A Case Study of Groenekloof (Mamre), 1838–52’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992);P. Scully, ‘Private and Public Worlds of Emancipation’ and PhD thesis (University of Michigan) in progress;J. Mason, ‘“Fit for freedom”’, chapter 8
- Cape Archives, Government House Correspondence 1/117, pp. 134–5 and 147–8, Napier to Glenelg, 7 Nov. and 9 Nov. 1837
- North-Coombes, ‘Labour Problems’, 279–80
- Worden , N. , James , W. and Simons , M. 1989 . “ eds ” . In The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape Cape Town For instance
- Allen , R. ‘The Slender, Sweet Thread: Sugar, Capital andDependency in Mauritius, 1860–1936’, Journal of Imperial and CommonwealthHistory, 16, 2 (1987-8), 177–200
- Gerbeau , H. “ Les Traces de l'Esclavage dans la Mémoire Collective des Mascareignes ” . in Bissoondoyal and Servansing, eds, Slavery, 6–44
- Bickford-Smith , V. “The Meaning of Freedom in Late Victorian Cape Town, 1875–1902', in Worden and Crais, Breaking the Chains. For a fascinating study of the suppression of the slave past in a community whose origins are strongly rooted in the migrancy of freed slaves after 1838, see K. Ward, ‘The Road to Mamre: Migration, Memory and the Meaning of Community, c.1900-1992’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992), especially 153–4.Cape Slave Historiography and the Question of Intellectual Dependence
South African Historical Journal
Volume 27, 1992 - Issue 1