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GERMAN-SOUTH AFRICAN RELATIONS IN THE NAZI ERA

Fascism, the Third Reich and Afrikaner Nationalism: An Assessment of the Historiography

Pages 113-126 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • Bloomberg , C. 1989 . “ (edited by S. Dubow) ” . In Christian-Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa 1918–48 Bloomington and Indianopolis R. Citino, Germany and the Union of South Africa in the Nazi Period (New York, Westport, Connecticut and London, 1991);A. Hagemann, Südafrika und das ‘Dritte Reich’: Rassenpolitische Affinität und machtpolitische Rivalität (Frankfurt and New York, 1989);J.M. Coetzee, ‘The Mind of Apartheid: Geoffrey Cronjé 1907-’, Social Dynamics, 17, 1 (June 1991), 1–35
  • Furlong , P. J. 1991 . Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era Hanover, New Hampshire and London See
  • Bunting , B. 1969 . The Rise of the South African Reich Harmondsworth W.H. Vatcher devotes a full chapter to the impact of fascism in his White Laager: The Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism (New York and London, 1965). A more recent work in this genre is S. Mzimela's Apartheid: South African Nazism (New York, 1983). Mzimela recently shifted his allegiances to the right, becoming an official of the Inkatha Freedom Party
  • Simson , H. 1980 . The Social Origins of Afrikaner Fascism and Its Apartheid Policy Stockholm See also his ‘The Afrikaner Nationalist Movement/Regime in Comparative Perspective’ (Unpublished Paper, ‘South Africa in the Comparative Study of Class, Race and Nationalism’ Conference, New York, 1982)
  • Afrikaner Fascism , 3 14 – 15 . Simson, and 160ff
  • Adam , H. , Adam , H. and Giliomee , H. 1979 . “ ‘Perspectives in the Literature: A Critical Evaluation’ ” . In The Rise and Crisis of Afrikaner Power Cape Town eds, 25; D. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme: Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism 1934–1948 (Johannesburg, 1983), 9–11
  • Strydom , H. 1982 . For Volk and Führer: Robey Leibbrandt and Operation Weissdorn Johannesburg See
  • Visser , G. C. 1976 . OB: Traitors or Patriots? Johannesburg
  • Krüger , D. W. 1969 . The Making of a Nation: A History of the Union of South Africa 1910–1961 Johannesburg and London See, for instance, 213 andB.J. Liebenberg, ‘From the Statute of Westminster to the Republic of South Africa, 1931–1961’ in C.F.J. Muller, ed., Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa (Pretoria and Cape Town, 1969), 422
  • Period , G. and Scholtz's , D. 1984 . Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner: Deel VIII 1939–1948 Johannesburg See, for instance, relevant volumes from two of the most monumental series of Afrikaner studies on the(and J.H. le Roux and P.W. Coetzer, eds, Die Nasionale Party: Deel 4 (Bloemfontein, 1986). The biographical literature is no more helpful, with the most potted coverage of the war years in H.B. Thom's biography, D.F. Malan (Cape Town, 1980);Malan himself focuses on the struggle against British imperialism in his autobiography, Afrikaner-Volkseenheid en My Ervarings op die Pad Daarheen (Cape Town, 1989). The basic works on other key figures are no better. Examples are C.M. van den Heever, General J.B.M. Hertzog (Johannesburg, 1946);J.F.J. van Rensburg, Their Paths Crossed Mine: Memoirs of the Commandant-General of the Ossewabrandwag (Johannesburg, 1956);J. Kruger, President C.R. Swart (Cape Town, 1961);P.J. Meyer, Nog Nie Ver Genoeg Nie: 'n Persoonlike Rekenskap van Vyftig Jaar Georganiseerde Afrikanerskap (Johannesburg and Cape Town, 1984);and Dirk and Johanna de Villiers's biography of former President Botha, P.W. (Cape Town, 1984)
  • Moll , J. C. 1985 . “ in his impressive little volume, based however only on secondary sources and some newspapers ” . In Fascisme: Die Problematiek van Verklaringsvariante: Fascisme en Suid-Afrika Bloemfontein This method is used by
  • van Heerden , F. J. “ Nasionaal-Sosialisme as Faktor in die Suid-Afrikaanse Politiek, 1933–1948 ” . (DPhil thesis, University of Orange Free State, 1972), 357
  • Ibid. , 357 385
  • Hildebrand , K. 1973 . The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich Berkeley and Los Angeles See for instanceD.M. McKale, The Swastika Outside Germany (Kent, Ohio, 1977);and W. Michalka, Nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik (Darmstadt, 1978)
  • Schmokel , W. W. 1964 . Dream of Empire: German Colonialism 1919–1945 New Haven and London (andH. Stoecker, ed., German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings Until the Second World War (London and Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1986)
  • Kum'a , A. and University , II . 1980 . “ 1974), available in a published version as ” . In Hitler Voulait L'Afrique Paris see also his ‘Afrikapolitik des dritten Reichs’, Afrika Heute, 21/22 (Nov. 1972), 456–9;‘Hitler, L'Afrique du Sud et la Menace Imperialiste: Les Relations Secretes entre Hitler et L'Afrique du Sud', Les Temps Modernes, 29 (Oct. 1973), published as a separate pamphlet;and, most polemical in nature, a pamphlet for the UN Centre Against Apartheid, Relations between Nazi Germany and South Africa: Their Influence on the Development of the Ideology of Apartheid (New York, May 1976)
  • For instance, he describes Louis Botha and Jan Smuts as ‘English immigrants’: see ‘Hitler, L'Afrique du Sud et la Menace Imperialiste', 13–14
  • Citino, Germany and the Union of South Africa.
  • In a forthcoming issue of the International Journal of African Historical Studies
  • Hagemann . Südafrika und das ‘Dritte Reich’
  • Kienzle , W. R. See, ‘German Policy Towards the Union of South Africa, 1933–1939’ (PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1974)
  • 1987 . The Evolution of Blitzkrieg Tactics: Germany Defends Itself Against Poland, 1918–1933 Westport, Connecticut His major prior work was
  • See Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika, 39–41
  • du , O. 1941 . Plessis Die Nuwe Suid-Afrika: Die Revolusie van die Twintigste Eeu Port Elizabeth
  • Malherbe , E. G. 1977 . Education in South Africa Vol. II: 1923–1975 683 Cape Town and Johannesburg
  • Payne , S. G. 1980 . Fascism: Comparison and Definition 17 Madison, Wisconsin
  • Hagemann, Südafrika und das ‘Dritte Reich’, 346
  • Bloomberg, Christian Nationalism.
  • Ibid. , 154 158, 180 and 182
  • du , A. American Historical Review , 88 In addition to O'Meara's Volkskapitalisme, relevant works include Toit's two key articles, ‘No Chosen People: The Myth of the Calvinist Origins of Afrikaner Nationalism and Racial Ideology’, 4 (Oct. 1983), 20–52and ‘Puritans in Africa? Afrikaner “Calvinism” and Kuyperian Neo-Calvinism in Late Nineteenth Century South Africa’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 27, 2 (Apr. 1985), 209–40
  • Pelzer , A. N. 1979 . Die Afrikaner Broederbond: Eerste 50 Jaar Cape Town See the official sanitized account;the controversial works by J.H.P. Serfontein, Brotherhood of Power: An Exposé of the Secret Afrikaner Broederbond (Bloomington, Indiana and London, 1978) and H. Strydom and I. Wilkins, The Super-Afrikaners: Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond (Johannesburg, 1978);and, from the unusual perspective of the disaffected far right, B.M. Schoeman's Die Broederbond in die Afrikaner-Politiek (Pretoria, 1982)
  • Coetzee, ‘The Mind of Apartheid’

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