- Ward , K. “ The Road to Mamre: Migration, Memory and the Meaning of Community c.1900–1992 ” . (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992). The thesis follows the different routes by which Mamre's history has been enlivened through the process of dialogue between myself as an ‘outside’ researcher and both individual interviewees and community groups. It analyses the creation of, and interaction between, academic and community-based history, and argues that it is the very process of dialogue between them which deepens our understanding of the social purpose of making history
- See E. Ludlow, ‘Missions and Emancipation in the South Western Cape: A Case Study of Groenekloof (Mamre) 1838–1852’ (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992);and B. Kruger and P.W. Schaberg, The Pear Tree Bears Fruit (Genadendal, 1984)
- For a survey of urban history studies dealing with migration in South Africa, see C. Saunders, ‘Methodological Issues in South African Urban History’ (Unpublished Paper, Human Sciences Research Council, 1991)
- Cohen , D. and Atieno , E. S. 1986 . “ Odhiambo ” . In Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape London (Siaya creates a number of impressionistic taleaux to illustrate issues of generational change and tension for the Luo, as well as exploring their fusion of the experience of migration with community identity. This is an innovation in conceptualising migration, which is often analysed as being destructive, not constructive, to communities
- Charlotte April (b. 1915), interview 4 June 1990, p. 13. All references to interviewees, as well as page numbers, refer to transcripts of the interviews which are housed at the Western Cape Oral History Project, University of Cape Town
- Cohen and Atieno Odhiambo's analysis of the Luo community of Siaya in Western Kenya ‘takes up the multiple characteristics of the unit of study and its many territories’ by presenting several Siaya landscapes: the suburb of Kaloleni in Nairobi, Boro as part of Siaya district, southern Uganda, and the sugar-belt in Western Kenya. Each of these different spatial contexts is intrinsic to notions of Siaya community identity, in a way similar to how Mamriers perceive the different contexts within which they circulate. Cohen and Odhiambo, Siaya, 2–5
- For example, see the interview transcripts of Sarah Adams, Thys Loock, Ernestina Joshua, Susan Philander, and Freddie Carlse
- Freddie relates a story where he was arrested and beaten by five policemen because he wanted to have a beer with his friends and the owner would not allow him in the ‘non-European’ bar with his ‘coloured’ friends. Frederick Carlse (b. 1931), interview 14 Nov. 1990, pp. 20–21
- Charlotte April (b. 1915), interview 4 June 1990, p. 31
- Ibid., 31; B. Nasson, ‘Oral History and the Reconstruction of District Six’, in S. Jeppie and C. Soudien, eds, The Struggle for District Six (Cape Town, 1990)
- Adam Pick (b. 1927), interview 10 July 1991, pp. 24–5
- Hennie Adams (b. 1912), interview 21 Feb. 1991, p. 6
- Karel Sambaba (b. 1942), interview 21 Feb. 1991, p. 20
- Susan Philander (b. 1922), interview 5 Nov. 1991, p. 18
- Bozzoli , B. and Nkotsoe , M. 1991 . Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy and Migrancy in South Africa 1900–1983 Johannesburg see also P. Bonner ‘“Desirable or Undesirable Basotho Women?”: Liquor, Prostitution and the Migration of Basotho Women to the Rand, 1920–1945’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town, 1991)
- Bozzoli , B. 1983 . ‘Marxism, Feminism and Southern African Studies’ . Journal of Southern African Studies , 9 : 2 – 71 . See, 139.Bozzoli criticises the equation of gender with women which characterises much of the scholarship of ‘Women's Studies’. Women of Phokeng is clearly a gender-specific study that analyses domestic struggles from the perspective of the women, but it would have been interesting had Bozzoli compared the experience of women with men. Her development of individual life strategy as a means to discuss the evolving consciousness of women from Phokeng does not present a complete portrait of the community
- Magdalena Johannes (b. 1921), interview 26 Feb. 1991, p. 14
- Martha Pick (b. 1922), interview 8 Aug. 1990, p. 14
- Duquenin , A. ‘Who Doesn't Marry and Why?' . Oral History Journal , 12 1 (Spring 1984), 40–7; D. Gittins, ‘Maritial Status, Work and Kinship 1850–1930’, in J. Lewis, ed., Labour of Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family 1850–1940 (New York, 1986), 264; P. Julland, ‘Victorian Spinsters: Dutiful Daughters, Desparate Rebels and the Transition to the New Woman’, in P. Crawford, ed., Exploring Women's Past: Essays in Social History (Sydney, 1983), 137–48
- Adam Pick (b. 1927), interview 10 July 1991, pp. 47–8
- Christina Conrad (b. 1909), interview 1 Nov. 1990, p. 21
- Gittins, ‘Marital Status, Work and Kinship’, 250
- For example, see interview transcripts of Maggie Johannes, Simon Magerman, Adam Pick
- Roberts , E. The Working Class Extended Family: Functions and Attitudes' . Oral History Journal , 12 1 (Sep. 1984), 48
- For example, Charlotte Barry (b. 1901), Renatha van der Merwe (b. 1929), and Susan Philander (b. 1922) were all looked after by grandparents when they were children
- For example, see interview transcripts of Amalia Collins, Thys and Maria Loock, and Ernst Julies
- Ernestina Joshua (b. 1907), interview 14 Aug. 1990, p. 2
- Magrieta September (b. 1917), interview 22 Nov. 1990, pp. 1–2
- Adopted babies included Susan Philander's mother and aunt, Daisy Liederman, Rebecca Johannes, and Magdelena van Schoor's mother-in-law
- Berman , S. and Naude , M. Journal of Southern African Studies , 17 See also, ‘Bearing a Bastard: The Social Consequences of Illegitimacy in Cape Town, 1896–1939’, 3 (Sep. 1991), 373–413
- Susan Philander (b. 1922), interview 5 Nov. 1991, p. 5. Susan's grandmother was herself a childless mid-wife who adopted two baby girls. It does not always seem to be the case that only childless families adopted children
- Roberts , E. “ Working Class Extended Family ” . 48
- The women of Phokeng differed in their reasons for staying in Johannesburg. It is obvious from the interviews that they all retired to Phokeng, but for some the decision to go back was taken earlier and more voluntarily. For others, it was the impact of forced removals from the inner city townships which shattered their perceptions of a permanent home in Johannesburg and induced them to return to their original community. Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng, esp. chapters 9 and 10
- Lemann , N. 1991 . The Promised Land New York chapters 1 and 2; Cohen and Atieno Odhiambo, Siaya, chapter 3
- Bechler , W. F. 1873 . Benigna van Groenekloof of Mamre. Een Verhaal voor de Christen Kleurlingen van Zuid-Afrika 42 Genadendal
- de , J. and Temmers , E. M. 1987 . Unitas Fratrum 83 – 4 . Lansdowne Kruger and Schaberg, Pear Tree Bears Fruit, 16–39
- Lemann , N. The Promised Land 43 – 67 .
- Ibid., 43. Lemann describes Illinois Central Station as the Ellis Island of black migration to Chicago
- Charlotte April (b. 1915), interview 4 June 1990, p. 9
- For example, Justina Arends (b. 1897), interview 14 Aug. 1990, p. 3
- Charlotte April (b. 1915), interview 4 June 1990, p. 31
- For example, Christlief Adams, Adam Titus and Isak Witbooi all worked on the roads
- Christlief Adams (b. 1923), interview 20 May 1991, p. 12
- See, for example, Thys Loock (b. 1918), interview 8 Nov. 1990, pp. 8–10
- Bozzoli . Women of Phokeng , 104.See also C. Bundy and D. Healy, ‘Aspects of Urban Poverty’, Oral History Journal, 6, 1 (Spring 1978), 90: ‘The Sunday morning train from … Manchester to North Wales (a fertile ground for servants) was nicknamed the “dripping train”’
- Martha Pick (b. 1922), interview 8 Aug. 1990, p. 7
- Ward, ‘The Road to Mamre’, chapter 4, gives a detailed analysis of Willie Poswen's life story
- Thys Loock (b. 1918), interview 8 Nov. 1990, p. 18
- Freddie Carlse's family owned the first car in Mamre
- Freddie Carlse (b. 1931), interview 14 Nov. 1990, p. 1
- Host , E. “ Die Hondjie Byt”: Labour Relations in the Malmesbury District, c. 1880–1920 ” . (BA Hons thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987)
- See, for example, Hendrick Adams's (b. 1912) comment on this trend, interview 21 Feb. 1991, p. 3
- Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng, chapters 2 and 4
- Lemann, The Promised Land, 43–53
- Bona fide farmers included the families of Tim Liederman, Freddie Carlse and Gustaf April
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Adam Pick, Samuel Arends, Christlief Adams, Alexander September and Adam Titus
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Samuel Arends, Alexander September, Joseph Roberts, Adam Titus, Ernst Julies, Ernestina Joshua, Sarah Adams and Renatha van der Merwe
- Isak Witbooi (b. 1905), interview 4 July 1991, pp. 5–6
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Samuel Arends, Isak Witbooi, Christlief Adams, Alexander September, Adam Titus. There were always exceptions, however. Ernst Julies did not like working for the Council or living in town and decided to return to farm work. Maggie September did not like town either: ‘Nee. Om in die stad te bly? Uh-uh. Ek het altyd gesě ek gaan 'n plaasman vat. Ek het, ek het voor daai, die man, 'n outjie gehad maar toe sien ek hy worry met 'n other girl.' (Magrieta September (b. 1917), interview 22 Nov. 1990, p. 18)
- See interview transcripts of Samuel Arends, Alexander September and Adam Titus. Alexander September discusses the freedom of movement of Mamriers, pp. 5–6
- See, for example, Adam Titus (b. 1914), interview 6 Dec. 1990, pp. 4–5; Joseph Roberts (b. 1909), interview 14 Nov. 1990, p. 2
- David Conrad (b. 1903), interview 8 Nov. 1990, p. 4
- For a discussion of the crucial role of the garden plots in the nineteenth century, see E. Ludlow, ‘Missions and Emancipation’
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Willie Johannes, Hennie Adams and Adam Titus
- Augusta van Harte (b. 1917), interview 4 Mar. 1991, p. 5; Adam Pick (b. 1927), interview 10 July 1991, p. 27
- Even families living on farms retained access to housing in Mamre if possible by renting out the house they owned while they lived on the farm, or even leaving it empty. One interviewee commented that there were a number of houses in Mamre standing empty while the owners lived and worked on the farms. Adam Pick (b. 1927), interview 10 July 1991, p. 24
- Hendrick Adams (b. 1912), interview 21 Feb. 1991, p. 3; Gustaf April (b. 1926), interview 20 May 1991, p. 18
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Karel Sambaba, Christlef Adams, Hendrick Adams and Wilhelm Johannes
- Anna Liederman and Adam Pick's father worked in the mission store. Ernst Julies' mother and Anna Liederman worked as domestic servants. Between the ages of 11 and 18 Adam Titus worked in the mission gardens. Magdelene van Schoor's husband and Fredrika Galant's grandfather worked in the mill
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Alexander September, Freddie Carlse, Jutina Arends, and Engeborg Liebenberg
- See, for example, interview transcripts of Gustaf April and Charlotte April
- See, for example, Amalia Collins (b. 1908), interview 4 Mar. 1991, p. 10. She would leave her children in Mamre with her mother, but I have been told informally that pea-picking was often family venture
- Stedman , G. 1971 . “ Jones ” . In Outcast London 91 – 2 . Oxford
- See, for example, Ernst Julies, Fredrika Galant's father
- Sophia Liederman;and also for a discussion about the relationship between farmers and fishing, see L. van Sittert, ‘Merchant Capital and the St Helena Bay Fisheries in the 19th Century’ (Paper presented to the University of Cape Town History Department, 1991)
- See interview transcripts of Sophia Liederman and Karel Sambaba
- Cohen and Atieno Odhiambo, Siaya, 85–110
- Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng, 220
- See, for example, Gustaf April (b. 1926), interview 20 May 1991, p. 2; Tim Liederman (b. 1908), interview 12 Sep. 1990, p. 6; Justina Arends (b. 1897), interview 14 Aug. 1990, p. 16
- See, for example, Freddie Carlse (b. 1931), interview 14 Nov. 1990, p. 1; Adam Pick (b. 1927), interview 10 July 1991, pp. 25–6
- Simkins , C. and van Heyningen , E. 1989 . International Journal of African Historical Studies , 22 : 1 This contrasts with the earlier movement of Cape Town women from domestic work into factory employment in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century:, ‘Fertility, Mortality and Migration in the Cape Colony, 1881–1904’, 104; V. Bickford-Smith, ‘Commerce, Class and Ethnicity in Cape Town, 1875–1902’ (PhD thesis, Cambridge University, 1988), chapter 8; E. Boddington, ‘Domestic Service: Changing Patterns of Class Domination, 1840–1948’ (MSocSci thesis, University of Cape Town, 1983). Public debate around the issue of women and respectability in regard to factory employment was intense during the late nineteenth century: see K. Ward, ‘Employers’ Perceptions of Labour'
- Hennie Adams (b. 1922), interview 21 Feb. 1991, pp. 7–8
- Stedman Jones, Outcast London, chapters 3 and 4
- Men who worked for the various local authorities include: Sam Arends from the age of 15 in 1911, until he retired;Alexander September from 16 until retirement;Adam Titus from 18 for 36 years and 7 months until retirement;Christlief Adams from his early twenties until retirement;Isak Witbooi from 21 until retirement;Simon Magerman and Thys Loock after the Second World War until retirement, Adam Pick worked for the Cape Town Corporation for 34 years
- Ernestina Adonis/Joshua b. 1907 started work aged 12; Justina Arends b. 1897 started work aged 13, Elizabeth Cupido b.1902 started work aged 12, Frederika Galant b. 1916 started work around the age of 14, Karolina Adams b. 1921 started work aged 12, Susan Philander b. 1922 started work aged 12
- McCalman , J. ‘Class and Respectability in a Working Class Suburb: Richmond, Victoria, Before the Great War’ . Historical Studies , 20 Mamre women stayed in domestic service in contrast to other working-class communities, for example in Australia, where women were moving out of domestic service into the factories, or staying home as housewives. See, 78 (Apr. 1982), 90–103.In Phokeng women moved into the informal sector upon marriage and setting up house in the townships: Bozzoli, Women of Phokeng, chapters 5 and 6
- Nasson , B. 1991 . Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 168 – 76 . Cambridge See P. Warwick, Black People and the South African War (Cambridge, 1983), 122–37; De Boer and Temmers, Unitas Fraternum;Kruger and Schaberg, The Pear Tree Bears Fruit.
- Simon Magerman (b. 1919), interview 6 May 1991, pp. 4–6; Thys Loock (b. 1918), interview 8 Nov. 1990, pp. 24–6
- Magrieta September (b. 1917), interview 21 Nov. 1991, p. 17
- Davison , G. “ The Dimension of Mobility in Nineteenth Century Australia ” . Australia 1888 Bulletin, 2 (Aug. 1979), 7–32
- Maria Loock (b. 1921), interview 8 Nov. 1990, p. 30
South African Historical Journal
Volume 27, 1992 - Issue 1