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ARTICLES/ARTIKELS

‘The Culture of the Personality’: Jan Smuts, Philosophy and Education

Pages 106-126 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • Hancock , W. K. and van der Poel , J. , eds. 1962–73 . Selections from the Smuts Papers The Smuts Papers, held on microfilm in Cambridge University Library, contain an invaluable collection of letters exchanged between Smuts and numerous philosophers, biologists, physicists and psychologists, only a small proportion of which have been published in, eds, 7 vols (Cambridge
  • Smuts , J. C. 1926 . Holism and Evolution London v
  • Holism and Evolution. The microfilm Smuts Papers include a major resource of some 100 different reviews of The most standard tone adopted by reviewers was one of benevolent ignorance, but other responses ranged from the brief, sarcastic jibes of Smuts's opponents–decrying his abandonment of his Afrikaner mother-tongue in the book, ridiculing his 'soldier-statesman-philosopher’ posturing, or dubbing his philosophy ‘hole-ism’, that is, ‘the art of getting oneself out of a hole in which there is no God‘–to the 16-article eulogy of Monsignor Kolbe, who took it upon himself to expound comprehensively ‘A Catholic View of Holism' through the South African organ of the Catholic church, the Southern Cross
  • Friedman , B. 1975 . Smuts: A Reappraisal 86 London
  • 1945 . Opening sentence to Smuts's Preamble to the United Nations Charter
  • 1895 . Selections Vol. 1 , Speech (at a meeting of the De Beers Consolidated Political and Debating Association in Kimberley:, vol., no. 23
  • Shapin , S. 1991 . ‘The Mind is its Own Place: Science and Solitude in Seventeenth-Century England’ . Science in Context , 4 : 195
  • 1989 . The Holistic Smuts: A Study in Personality Cape Town It has received scant attention even in this respect. Smuts's holistic philosophy has been largely ignored by historians, whether or not in conjunction with his politics. An exception to this is Piet Beukes's but this is more eulogising than useful
  • extract in Selections from the Smuts Papers, vol.1.Smuts Papers
  • Smuts , J. C. 1973 . Walt Whitman: A Study in the Evolution of Personality 97 Detroit
  • Smuts . Walt Whitman , 145 141 – 2 .
  • Lévy-Bruhl , L. 1923 . Primitive Mentality The equation of non-European peoples with children, and the parallels drawn between the development of children and races, had of course been traditional since the earliest European commercial and colonial encounters. The conception enjoyed renewed currency in its twentieth-century formulation by the French anthropologist and philosopher Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, who characterised the ‘primitive mind’ as ‘prelogicaT, at a stage of development analogous to childhood: see, trans. L. Clare (London,. Smuts's most notorious exposition of the idea was in his 1929 Rhodes Memorial Lecture, at Oxford, on ‘Native Policy in Africa'
  • Vorzimmer , P. J. 1963 . ‘Charles Darwin and Blending Inheritance’ . Isis , 54 See
  • Darwin , C. 1968 . The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection 459 London repr
  • Young , B. and Young , B. 1985 . “ Darwin's Metaphor ” . In ‘Darwin's Metaphor’ Cambridge See
  • Kohn , D. 1989 . ‘Darwin's Ambiguity: The Secularization of Biological Meaning’ . British Journal for the History of Science , 22 : 235
  • “ 8 ” . In Holism and Evolution 182 – 223 . Chapter of Smuts
  • Shaw , G. B. 1945 . Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch 45 Oxford
  • Moore , G. E. 1903 . Principia Ethica 46 Cambridge
  • Richards , R. J. 1987 . Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behaviour 316 Chicago
  • Collini , S. 1979 . Liberalism and Sociology: L.T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England 1880–1914 155 – 62 . Cambridge
  • Ibid 151
  • Alexander , S. 1889 . Moral Order and Progress: An Analysis of Ethical Conceptions London viii
  • Hobhouse , L. T. 1913 . Development and Purpose: An Essay towards a Philosophy of Evolution London
  • Collini . Liberalism and Sociology 151
  • Hobhouse . Development and Purpose xix
  • “ 9 ” . In Holism and Evolution 224 – 60 . Chapter of Smuts
  • Ibid 292 – 3 . 296, my emphasis
  • Collini . Liberalism and Sociology 184
  • Ibid. 371
  • Hobhouse . Development and Purpose xxiii
  • Smuts . Holism and Evolution 250 – 1 .
  • Ibid. , 140 177
  • Hobhouse . Development and Purpose xvi-xvii
  • Shaw . Back to Methuselah 42
  • Smuts . Holism and Evolution , 198 199 203
  • Ibid. 312 – 13 .
  • Gordon , P. and White , J. 1979 . Philosophers as Educational Reformers: The Influence of Idealism on British Educational Thought and Practice London
  • Ibid 3
  • Arnold , M. 1973 . “The Future of Liberalism' ” . In The Collected Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 9, English Literature and Irish Politics Edited by: Super , R. H. 146 Ann Arbor
  • Arnold , M. and Dover , J. , eds. 1932 . Culture and Anarchy 48 – 9 . Wilson (Cambridge
  • Dewey , J. 1957 . Reconstruction in Philosophy 185 Boston
  • Dewey , J. 1940 . “ ‘Creative Democracy: The Task before Us' ” . In The Philosophy of the Common Man Edited by: Dewey , J. 227 New York in
  • Smuts . Walt Whitman 148
  • Mackenzie , J. M. 1984 . Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880–1960 Manchester This follows on from the work of H.J. Field, E.J. Hobsbawm, and T.O. Ranger, illustrating concerted efforts to create ‘a programme of Imperial life’, and the pervasive influence of imperial ideology within twentieth-century popular culture. It contrasts with the view of R. Price and H. Pelling that imperial propaganda was unsuccessful as a means of social control
  • Greenlee , J. G. 1987 . Education and Imperial Unity, 1901–1926 New York and London iii
  • Kendle , J. E. 1967 . The Colonial and Imperial Conferences 1887–1911 3 London
  • Haldane , R. B. 1929 . An Autobiography 295 London
  • Vincent , A. and Plant , R. 1984 . Philosophy, Politics and Citizenship: The Life and Thought of the British Idealists 159 Oxford
  • Haldane , R. B. 1902 . Education and Empire London x
  • Smuts , J. C. 2 March 1937 . ‘The University in Civic Training’ 2 March , 10 – 11 . Smuts Papers
  • Smuts , J. C. 1930 . 178 published in Africa and Some World Problems (Oxford, ‘Democracy’: Sidgwick Memorial Lecture, delivered at Newnham College, Cambridge, 30 Nov. 1929
  • 1895 . Selections Vol. 1 , 93 vol.: Smuts, De Beers Speech
  • Shaw . Back to Methuselah 53 – 4 . 12–14
  • Smuts Papers, Box 297/1, Smuts, ‘The Conditions of Future South African Literature’
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Johnson , D. 1993 . ‘Aspects of aLiberal Education: Late Nineteenth-Century Attitudes to Race, from Cambridge to the Cape Colony’ . History Workshop Journal , 36 : 178

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