- Barry , A. Ons Japie. Dagboek Gehou Gedurende die Driejarige Oorlog (Johannesburg, n.d.), 1. Translation: ‘I have decided to keep a diary because there are strong rumours of war against England and if we are plunged into war, things will happen which will be of great historical importance.’
- Warwick , P. 1983 . Black People and the South African War 1899–1902 Johannesburg (W. Nasson, Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African's War in the Cape, 1899–1902 (Cambridge, 1991). Even in these works ‘people’ is largely a euphemism for ‘men’, although it is recognised that the sources available on black women are thin and scattered. See also the contributions to the ‘Rethinking the South African War’ Conference, Unisa Library, Pretoria, 3–5 Aug. 1998. At this conference, although there were a few papers dealing with women, they were, with one exception, confined entirely to Boer women or British nurses. S. Vietzen, ‘The Letters Speak: Mary Moore, War and the Battle of Colenso, December 1899’ is the exception
- Pakenham , T. 1979 . The Boer War Johannesburg
- Warwick , P. 1980 . The South African War: The Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902 London
- Cammack , D. 1990 . The Rand at War 1899–1902: The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer War London
- Cock , J. 1991 . Colonels and Cadres: War and Gender in South Africa Cape Town (x
- Bradford , H. 1998 . 7 ‘Gentlemen and Boers: Afrikaner Nationalism, Gender and Colonial Warfare in the South African War’ (Paper, ‘Rethinking the South African War’ Conference, Unisa Library, Pretoria, 3–5 Aug.
- The Vrouemonument in Bloemfontein has had a deliberate policy of collecting material related to Boer women's experiences
- Johannesburg Public Library (hereafter JPL), S Store 920 LEV, Elsa Leviseur, 1, p. 6
- Transvaal Archives (hereafter TAB), A 1842, Mrs Isabella Lipp's diary, p. 1
- Library , Cory . Rhodes University (hereafter Cory), MS 10581, Mary Johnson's letter, p. I
- Cooper , J. E. 1987 . Shaping Meaning: Women's Diaries, Journals and Letters—The Old and the New . Women's Studies International Forum , 10 ( 1 ) (H. Blodgett, Centuries of Female Days: Englishwomen's Private Diaries (New Brunswick, NJ, 1988), 5;J. Simons, Diaries and Journals of Literary Women from Fanny Burney to Virginia Woolf (London, 1990)
- 1998 . An exception were the nurses. For two complementary perspectives on the way in which the British military authorities reluctantly accepted the participation of women in the medical services, see S. Marks, ‘Imperial Nursing and the South African War’ and C. Schmitz, ‘“We Too Were Soldiers’: The Experiences of the British Nurses in the South African War' (both papers read at the ‘Rethinking the South African War’ Conference, Unisa Library, Pretoria, 3–5 Aug.
- van Heyningen , E. 1984 . ‘Refugees and Relief in Cape Town, 1899–1902’ . Studies in the History of Cape Town , 3 : 75
- Spies . ‘Women and the War’, 180–2;Van Heyningen, ‘Refugees and Relief, 83–93
- Cory . MS 14844, pp. 3, 6
- JPL . S Store 920, 83, p. 25
- Bickford-Smith , V. , van Heyningen , E. and Worden , N. 1999 . Cape Town in the Twentieth Century 30 – 1 . Cape Town
- See also Vietzen, ‘The Letters Speak’
- Dec. 1995 . Dec. , 643 – 64 . For a striking example of this process, see P. Merrington, ‘Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the “Aesthetics of Union”’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21,4
- TAB, A 1842, pp. 26–7, 48, 68–9
- See also Bradford, ‘Gentlemen and Boers’
- Tant Alie of Transvaal, 9
- Brink , E. 1990 . “ ‘Man-Made Women: Gender, Class and the Ideology of the ” . In Volksmoeder 273 ’, in C. Walker, ed., Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town
- JPL, S Store 920, pp. 78–9
- Free State Archives (hereafter VAB), A 248, Mrs Bessie Venter, Diary, 1899–1902, p. 23;Brink, ‘Man-Made Women’, 284–8;H.E.C. Armstrong, Camp Diary of Henrietta E.C. Armstrong: Experiences of a Boer Nurse in the Irene Concentration Camp, 6 April— 11 October 1901 (Pretoria, 1980), 17–22, 24–32
- 1996 . See especially M. du Toit, ‘Women, Welfare and the Nurturing of Afrikaner Nationalism: A Social History of the Afrikaanse Christelike Vroue Vereniging, c. 1870–1939’ (PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, Bickford-Smith et al, Cape Town in the Twentieth Century, 32
- Nasson . Abraham Esau's War 165
- VAB, A 248, pp. 2–3. Translation: ‘There is a heavy silence on the farm, the corn is ripe, we have only two kaffirs to cut the corn, we helped a bit but it is too difficult to cut with a sickle, the first day we were energetic but on the second day my back was stiff then I had to look after the horses, I was frightened to go among the horses in the stable, but one must get used to your duties the first time that I inspanned the cart I fastened the inner reins incorrectly. Oh how lonely.’
- Hall , G. H. No Time to Die (Cape Town, n.d.), 90–1
- Nasson . Abraham Esau's War 91–2
- Smithers , E. 1935 . March Hare: The Autobiography of Elsa Smithers Oxford (173;see also Bradford, ‘Gentlemen and Boers’, 11
- Museum , McGregor and Kimberley . (hereafter MGM), MK 6955 no. 22a, Letter of Theresa Stevenson
- Ross , E. 1980 . Diary of the Siege ofMafeking October 1899 to May 1900 B. Willan (Cape Town, 39, 70. See also ibid., pp. 102, 104, 121, 148
- MGM, KM 87/8523, pp. 3, 11
- MGM, MK 6955 No. 22a;MGM, Siege Diary of Miss Jessie Mallett, pp. 17, 19
- Kimberley Public Library (hereafter KPL), MS 60E, Letter from ‘Bess’, p. 5
- MGM, MK 6955 No 22a
- MGM, Mallett, pp. 21, 15
- Simkins , C. 1989 . Fertility, Mortality and Migration in the Cape Colony, 1891–1904 . InternationalJournal of African Historical Studies , 22 ( 1 ) : 96 – 7 . and E. van Heyningen, (The category ‘coloured’ was used inconsistently in medical statistics
- KPL, MS 60E, pp. 3, 6
- Further Papers Relating to the Working of the Refugee Camps, 2009, 27. Cd 902, These figures, for infants under a year, were supplied by Dr John Gregory, MOH for the Cape Colony
- Ross . Diary of the Siege of Mafeking 15
- Ibid., 46, 69, 151, 154
- This is true of almost every historian of the war, including Bradford
- VAB, A 248, pp. 22–3. Translation: ‘It lasted for days, The khakis [British soldiers] are troublesome, we don't rest, we stay in the veld, and eat at the house. We mill corn every day for flour, the mills travel with us…The flour is a bit coarse, but it makes nice biscuits, we work hard we must always be ready to flee, it is so very cold.’
- Translation: ‘where it was always safe for us’
- VAB, A 248, p. 24. Literally ‘hands-uppers’, i.e. those who surrendered
- VAB, A 248, pp. 52–3. Translation: ‘On the 25th November early in the morning Very early in the morning one of the suffering mothers went round the camp to say to us, that we must go to the Commandant's office at 9 o'clock: at 9 o'clock there were a hundred wives and daughters at the office. Every one had that morning's meat rations. I was amongst the number. We sent Mrs van Tonder to talk to him, with the Commandant, he was an ill-mannered Colonial boer [i.e. from the Cape], he was asked to come out. He was such a coward that he sent the head doctor to talk to us.’
- 1901. . Mortality at the Brandfort camp was at its height when it was visited by the Ladies' Commission on 29 October Even their hostile report agrees that there was disorganisation and corruption. They recommended the dismissal of the camp doctor for stealing medical comforts. Cd 893. Report on the Concentration Camps in South Africa by the Commission of Ladies (1902), 79–82
- Badenhorst , A. 1923 . Tant Alie of the Transvaal: Her Diary 1880–1902 304 London
- VAB, A 248,42. Translation: ‘The best hiding place is in a trunk, when the doctor and sister have passed the children are taken out and returned to bed.’
- Spies, ‘Women and the War’, 171;Badenhorst, Tant Alie of the Transvaal, 270;M.A. Fischer, Tant Miem se Kampdagboek Mei 1901—Augustus 1902 (Cape Town, 1964), 21–3
- VAB, A 248, p. 37. Translation: ‘every evening our tent is full of women, they discuss escape, Aunt Vermaak's people are out we can stay with them, it just has to be dark, then we must slip quietly through the blockhouses and that is dangerous;[Tant Mieta Rheeder]: she says no, it is too dangerous the khakis will shoot us and secondly, we are strangers, our people are in Kroonstad district no old sister stay where you are, be content, and don't let your children be shot dead.’
- Raal , S. 1938 . Met die Boere in die Veld: Die Ervarings van die Skryfster Cape Town (18, 36–8. Translation: ‘a helpless woman alone left to the mercy of the barbarians’
- van Heyningen , C. 1965 . Orange Days: Memoirs of Eighty Years Ago in the old Orange Free State 81 Pietermaritzburg
- Marquard , M. 1967 . Letters from a Boer Parsonage: Letters of Margaret Marquard during the Boer War Cape Town (120, 124–7
- Barry . Ons Japie (Johannesburg, n.d.), 77. Translation: ‘30 October. It rains heavily and the weather is dreadfully bad. All three straw huts leak and everything is wet and clammy. Also the wood is wet and we struggle to cook in the shelter. Old chief January came in the rain and brought us a little bundle of dry wood. He is such a good man and we have the highest regard for him.’
- Badenhorst . Tant Alie of the Transvaal 164–70
- Ibid., 239
- Fischer . Tant Miem Fischer se Kampdagboek 44. Translation: ‘I called in the doctor to avoid trouble, but I was afraid to use his medicines. We use the ordinary household remedies.’
- Fischer . Tant Miem se Kampdagboek 58;Cd 893, pp. 80,82. See also Armstrong, Camp Diary, for the perspective of a Boer woman with a modern medical ethic
- 1998 . See also E.B van Heyningen, ‘Women and Disease: The Clash of Medical Cultures in the Concentration Camps of the South African War’ (Paper, ‘Rethinking the South African War’ Conference, Unisa Library, Pretoria, 3–5 Aug.
- Badenhorst . Tant Alie of the Transvaal Barry, Ons Japie, 24, 28
- Barry . Ons Japie 33;Raal, Met die Boere in die Veld, 8–33
- Kessler , S. 1998 . ‘The Black and Coloured Concentration Camps of the South African War, 1899–1902: Shifting the Paradigm from Sole Martyrdom to Mutual Suffering’ (Paper, ‘Rethinking the South African War’ Conference, Unisa Library, Pretoria, 3–5 Aug.
- British military figures record 10 053 armed auxiliaries, 2 496 Africans and 2 939 coloured men in the Cape. Nasson considers these figures grossly underestimated: Nasson, Abraham Esau's War, 22
- Badenhorst . Tant Alie of the Transvaal 152–3. For other examples of swart gevaar' comments, see ibid., 154–6;Fischer, Tant Miem se Kampdagboek, 8;Barry, Ons Japie, 33, 52;Raal, Met die Boere in die Veld, 13
- TAB, A 321, A. Rothmann, Diary, 1899–1900, pp. 28, 36
- TAB, A432. MrsC. O'Reilly, Diary/letter 1899–1901
- Ibid., 16
- Ibid., 29
- Ibid., 17, 39–40
- Ibid., 39–40
- Nasson . Abraham Esau's War 102, 106, 161
- Bradford . for instance, interprets the war in this way: Bradford, ‘Gentlemen and Boers’, 6, 8, 9, 21
- McKinnon , J. ‘The Women's Christian Temperance Union: Aspects of Early Feminism in the Cape, 1889–1930’ (MA thesis, University of South Africa, 1995);C. Walker, The Woman's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979), 17–25
- Bickford-Smith . et al, Cape Town in the Twentieth Century, 30–2, 37
- du Toit , M. 1990 . ‘“Die Bewustheid van Armoed”: The Work of the A.C.V.V., ca. 1904–1928’ (Paper, Economic History Department, University of Cape Town
- 1902 . Natal Archives, A 791, Miss Lily Rose, diary, J.J. van Helten and K. Williams, ‘The Crying Need of South Africa: The Emigration of Single British Women to the Transvaal, 1901–1910’, Journal ojSouthern African Studies, 10, 1 (Oct. 1983), 17–38
South African Historical Journal
Volume 41, 1999 - Issue 1