Power elites, war and postwar reconstruction in Africa: Continuities, discontinuities and paradoxes

References

• Aboagye , F. 1999 . ECOMOG : A sub-regional experience in conflict resolution, management and peacekeeping in Liberia . Accra : Sedco .
   Google Scholar
• Addison , T. . 1998 . Underdevelopment, transition and reconstruction in SSA . Research for Action no.45 . Helsinki, , Finland : United Nations University–World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER.)
   Google Scholar
• Addison , T. . 2001 . From conflict to reconstruction . DIS Paper 2001/16 . Helsinki, , Finland : UNU-WIDER
   Google Scholar
• Addison , T. 2003 . Africa's recovery from conflict: Making peace work for the poor . Helsinki, , Finland : UNU-WIDER .
   Google Scholar
• Addison , T. , and S. Murshed . 2001 . From conflict to reconstruction: Reviving the social contract . Discussion Paper, no. 2001/48. UNU-WIDER .
   Google Scholar
• Adekeye , A. 2002 . Liberia: A warlord's peace . In : Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreement J. Stedman , D. Rothchild and E. Cousens , 599 – 630 . UK and US; International Peace Academy and the Centre for International Security and Cooperation : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Ake , C. 2000 . The feasibility of democracy in Africa , Dakar : Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) .
   Google Scholar
• Argenti , N. 2002 . “ Youth in Africa: A major resource for change ” . In Young Africa: Realising the rights of children and young people , Edited by: de Waal , A. and Argenti , N. 123 – 154 . Asmara : Africa World Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bayart , J. 1993 . The state in Africa: The politics of the belly , London and New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Boas , M. 2007 . Marginalized youth . In Boas and Dunn , 39 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Boas , M. , and K. Dunn 2007a . African guerrillas, raging against the machine . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Boas , M. , and K. Dunn 2007b . Introduction . In Boas and Dunn , 1 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyce , J. 2002 . Aid conditionality as a tool for peace building: Opportunities and constraints . Development and Change , 33 ( 5 ) : 1025 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright , J. 1978 . Politics in Sierra Leone and Liberia: A review of selected works . Journal of African History , 19 ( 2 ) : 299 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Chabal , P. and Daloz , J. 1999 . Africa works: Disorder as political instrument , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Clapham , C. 1996 . Africa and the international system: The politics of state survival , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clapham , C. . 2003 . The challenge to a state in a globalized world . In Milliken , 25 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Collier , P. and Hoeffler , A. 2002 . Aid, policy and peace: Reducing the risks of civil conflicts . Defence and Peace Economics , 13 ( 6 ) : 435 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doornbos , M. 2003 . State collapse and fresh starts: Some critical reflections . In Milliken , 45 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunleavy , P. and O'Leary , B. 1987 . Theories of the state: The politics of liberal democracy , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , D. 1998 . Ethnicity, class and the struggle for power in Liberia: Democracy versus dictatorship. The quest for freedom and justice in Africa's oldest republic – Liberia . African Studies Review , 41 ( 1 ) : 202 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekeh , P. 1975 . Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 17 : 91 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Masri , S. and Kellet , P. 2001 . Post-war reconstruction, participatory approaches to rebuilding the damaged villages of Lebanon: A case study of Al-Burjain . Habitat International , 25 ( 4 ) : 535 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanon , R. Jnr . 1998 . Bringing the ruling class back in: Class, state and hegemony in Africa . Comparative Politics , 20 ( 3 ) : 253 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , J. 2002 . Achieving socio-economic wellbeing in post-conflict settings . Washington Quarterly , 25 : 125 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , C. and Pratten , D. 2003 . The politics of plunder: The rhetorics of order and disorder in Southern Nigeria . African Affairs , 102 : 211 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamre , J. and Sullivan , G. 2002 . Towards post-conflict reconstruction . Washington Quarterly , 25 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , D. 2006 . Liberia 2005: An unusual African post-conflict election . Journal of Modern African Studies , 3 : 375 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoare , Q. , and G. Smith 1971 . Selections from the prison notebooks of Gramsci . London : Lawrence and Wishart .
   Google Scholar
• Herbst , J. 1990 . War and the state in Africa . International Security , 14 ( 4 ) : 117 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. and Rosberg , C. 1982 . Why Africa's weak states persist: The empirical and the juridical in statehood . World Politics , 35 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail , O. 2001 . The role of child soldiers in national security: A comparative analysis of Liberia and Sierra Leone . Unpublished MPhil thesis, Centre of International Studies, Cambridge University , United Kingdom .
   Google Scholar
• Ismail , O. 2002 . Liberia's child combatants: Paying the price of neglect . Conflict, Security and Development 2 , no. 2 : 125 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , D. 1968 . Friendship and mobility in the development of an urban elite African social system . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology , 24 : 123 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Joll , J. 1977 . Gramsci , London : Fontana/Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Keen , D. 2003 . Greedy elites, dwindling resources, alienated youths: The anatomy of protracted violence in Sierra Leone . International Politics and Society , 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Le Vine , V. 1968 . Political elite recruitment and political structure in French-speaking Africa . Cahier d'etudes Africaines , 8 ( 31 ) : 369 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Levitt , J. 2005 . The evolution of deadly conflict in Liberia: From ‘paternaltarianism'to state collapse . Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lowenkopf , M. 1995 . Liberia: Putting the state back together . In Zartman , 91 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Mair , S. 2003 . The new world of privatised violence . International Politics and Society 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani , M. 1996 . Citizen and subject: Contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Milliken , J. 2003 . State failure, collapse and reconstruction . USA and UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Milliken , J. , and Krause , K. 2003 . State failure, state collapse and state reconstruction: Concepts, lessons and strategies . In Milliken , 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , C. 1956 . The power elite , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. 1991 . The ideological formation of the Zimbabwean ruling class . Journal of Southern African Studies , 17 ( 3 ) : 472 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , M. 2006 . Liberia: The violence of democracy , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Musah , A. 2003 . Privatization of security and arms proliferation in Africa . In Milliken , 157 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng'ethe , N. 1995 . Strongmen, state formation, collapse and reconstruction in Africa . In Zartman , 251 – 66 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Olonisakin , F. 2000 . Reinventing peacekeeping in Africa: Conceptual and legal issues in ECOMOG operations , Hague, London and Boston : Kluwer Law International .
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae , E. 1996 . Ethnicity, class and the struggle for state power in Liberia. CODESRIA (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) Monograph Series 1/96 , Dakar : CODESRIA .
   Google Scholar
• Ransome , P. 1992 . Antonio Gramsci: A new introduction , London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , W. 1998 . Warlord politics and African states , London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , W. 2003 . Political networks in a failing state: The roots and future of violent conflict in Sierra Leone . International Politics and Society , 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , W. 2007 . Liberia: The LURDs of the new church . In Boas , and Dunn , 69 – 80
   Google Scholar
• Roger , S. [1982] 1991 . Gramsci's political thought: An introduction , London : Lawrence and Wishart .
   Google Scholar
• Sangmpam , S. 1993 . Neither soft nor dead: The African state is alive and well . African Studies Review , 36 ( 2 ) : 73 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , A. 2004 . Violent conflicts and governance challenges in West Africa: The case of the Mano River Basin Area . Journal of Modern African Studies , 42 ( 3 ) : 437 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer , A. 2005 . Beyond plunder: Toward democratic governance in Liberia . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Sesay , A. 1996 . Politics and society in post-war Liberia . Journal of Modern African Studies , 34 ( 3 ) : 370 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Stedman , J. 2002 . “ Introduction ” . In Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreements , Edited by: Stedman , J. , Rothchild , D. and Cousens , E. 1 – 42 . UK and US; International Peace Academy and the Centre for International Security and Cooperation : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Stedman J. , D. Rothchild , and E. Cousens 2002 . Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreements . UK and US; International Peace Academy and the Centre for International Security and Cooperation : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) . 2000 . SIPRI year book 2000: Armaments, disarmament and international security . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , C. 1985 . “ War making and state making as organized crime ” . In Bringing the state back in , Edited by: Evans , P. , Rueschemeyer , D. and Skocpol , T. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 2002 . Report of UN panel of experts on Liberia appointed pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1395(2000) . New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Wallerstein , I. 1965 . Elites in French-speaking West Africa: The social basis of ideas . Journal of Modern African Studies , 3 : 1 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1998 . Post-conflict reconstruction: The role of the World Bank . Washington, DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Yannis A. 2003 . State collapse and its implications for peace building and reconstruction . In Milliken , 63 – 82 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Zartman , I. 1995a . Collapsed states: The disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Zartman , I. 1995b . Posing the problem of state collapse . In Zartman , 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar