Introduction: Kenya – A democracy in retreat?

References

• Africa Research Institute . 2008 . Kenya: A nation fragmented . Briefing Note 0801 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. 2005 . ‘Yours in struggle for majimbo’: Nationalism and the party politics of decolonization in Kenya 1955–64 . Journal of Contemporary History , 40 ( 3 ) : 547 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , D. 2002 . Vigilantes, violence and the politics of public order in Kenya . African Affairs , 101 : 231 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC 2007 . ‘Odinga rejects Kenya poll result’ , BBC News, 31 December 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency . 2008 . The world factbook . Updated 24 July 2008 . www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html .
   Google Scholar
• Chege , M. 2008 . Kenya: back from the brink? . Journal of Democracy , 19 ( 4 ) : 125 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheeseman , N. 2008 . The Kenyan elections of 2007: An introduction . Journal of Eastern African Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 166 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua , A. 2003 . World on fire: How exporting free market democracy breeds ethnic hatred and global instability , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) 2007 . Parliamentary seats won per party, 2007 . www.eck.or.ke/elections2007/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=3 .
   Google Scholar
• Elischer , S . 2008 . Ethnic coalitions of convenience and commitment: Political parties and party systems in Kenya. German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) Working Paper no. 68, February .
   Google Scholar
• Gettleman , J. 2007 . Disputed vote plunges Kenya into bloodshed . New York Times , 31 December
   Google Scholar
• Gisemba , H. 2008 . The lie of the land: Evictions and Kenya's crisis . Africa Policy Brief no. 2 (February). Africa Policy Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. 1991 . The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century , Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Crisis Group . 2008 . Kenya in crisis . Africa Report no. 137, 21 February .
   Google Scholar
• Kagwanja , P. 2001 . Politics of marionettes: Extra-legal violence and the 1997 elections in Kenya . In Out for the count: The 1997 general elections and the prospects of democracy in Kenya M. Rutten , F. Grignon , and A. Mazrui , 275 95 Kampala Fountain .
   Google Scholar
• Kagwanja , P. 2006 . Power to uhuru: Youth identity and generational politics in Kenya's 2002 elections . African Affairs , 105 : 51 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanogo , T. 1987 . Squatters and the roots of Mau Mau , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Kasfir , N. 2008 . The election crisis in Kenya: Can the political class still govern? In Cross-Currents J. Byfield . Ibadan : Book Builders . forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Katumanga , M. 2005 . A city under siege: Banditry and modes of accumulation in Nairobi, 1991–2004 . Review of African Political Economy , 106 : 505 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2007 . Facts and figures . www.cbs.go.ke .
   Google Scholar
• Kirschke , L. 2000 . Informal repression: Zero-sum politics and the later third wave transitions . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 38 ( 3 ) : 383 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopp , J. 2001 . Ethnic clashes and winning elections: The case of Kenya's electoral despotism . Canadian Journal of African Studies , 35 ( 3 ) : 453 – 517 .
   Google Scholar
• Lafargue , J. 2008 . A country in suspense: Political fallouts and popular anxiety . Les Cahiers dÁfrique l'Est , 38 : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Lafargue , J. and Katumanga , M. 2008 . Kenya in turmoil: Post-election violence and precarious pacification, Les Cahiers dÁfrique l . Est , 38 : 13 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Leys , C. 1975 . Underdevelopment in Kenya: The political economy of neo-colonialism , London : Heinemann Educational .
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart , A. 1985 . Power sharing in South Africa . Policy Papers in International Affairs, no. 24 Berkeley Institute of International Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart , A. 1990 . “ Electoral systems, party systems and conflict management in segmented societies ” . In Critical Choice for South Africa: An Agenda for the 1990s , Edited by: Schrire , R. 2 – 13 . Cape Town : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lonsdale , J. 1994 . “ Moral ethnicity and political tribalism ” . In Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the study of Ethnicity and Nationalism , Edited by: Kaarsholm , P. and Hultin , J. 131 – 150 . Roskilde University, Denmark .
   Google Scholar
• Mueller , S. 2008 . The political economy of Kenya's crisis . Journal of Eastern African Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 185 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muluka , B. 2006a . Devolution can cure skewed distribution of nation's wealth . Standard , 22 July .
   Google Scholar
• Muluka , B. 2006b . Federalism could bridge current development gaps Standard , 29 July .
   Google Scholar
• Munene , M. 1998 . The Kikuyu response to Kikuyu bashing . Unpublished paper presented to the Seminar on Media and Conflicts in Africa, Division of Arts and Sciences, United State International University, 25 March, Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Ndegwa , S. 2007 . Kenya: Raila calls for vote recount . East African Standard , 30 December .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya 2003 . Ministry of trade and industry . Position paper to the CG. siteresources.worldbank.org/KENYAEXTN/.../ministry_trade_industry_position.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. 2008 . Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence , Nairobi : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Rutten , M. and Owuor , S . 2009 . Weapons of mass destruction: Land ethnicity and the 2007 elections in Kenya . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 27 : 305 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Sisk , T. 1996 . Power sharing and international mediation in ethnic conflicts , Washington, DC : United States Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , B. and Giersch , J. 2009 . Voting on a constitution: Implications for democracy in Kenya . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• World Resources Institute . 2007 . Kenya . EarthTrends: The environmental information portal . http://earthtrends.wri.org/povlinks/country/kenya.php .
   Google Scholar
• Young , C. 1999 . The third wave of democratization in Africa: Ambiguities and contradictions . In State, conflict, and democratization in Africa R. Joseph . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar