Dying to win: Elections, political violence, and institutional decay in Kenya

References

• Acemoglu , Daron and James , Robinson . 2008 . Persistence of power elites and institutions . American Economic Review , 98 ( 1 ) : 288 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acemoglu , Daron , Pablo , Queribin , Simon , Johnson and James , Robinson. 2008 . When does policy reform work: The case of central bank independence . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 1 : 353 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , Robert . 2008 . When things fell apart: State failure in late century Africa , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boone , Catherine . 2009 . Electoral populism where property rights are weak: Land politics in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa . Comparative Politics , 41 ( 2 ) : 183 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnell , Peter 2007 . Political parties in Africa: Different functional and dynamic? In Votes, money, and violence: Political parties and elections in Sub- Saharan Africa , Mathis Basedau Gero Erdmann , and Andreas Mehler . Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitute
   Google Scholar
• Carothers , Thomas. 1997 . Democracy without illusions . Foreign Affairs , 76 : 22 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier , Paul and Anke Hoefler . 2009 . Democracy's Achilles’ heel or how to win an election without really trying, CSAE Working Paper WPS/2009–08 . http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econpco/research/politicaleconomy.htm .
   Google Scholar
• Commission of Inquiry into the 2007 Post Election Violence . 2008 . Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the 2007 post election violence . Nairobi : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Dahl , Robert A. 1971 . Polyarchy: Participation and opposition , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation . 2009 . Imanyara says more threats made on him . November 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation . 2010a . Threats to Kenya violence witnesses increase . March 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation . 2010b . Poll violence: What does this man know? March 20 ;
   Google Scholar
• Daily Nation . 2010c . New pay hike for Kenyan MPs . January 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Dercon , Stefan . 2008 . Ethnicity, violence, and the 2007 Election . Unpublished paper .
   Google Scholar
• De Smedt , Johan . 2009 . No Raila, No Peace!’ Big man politics and election violence at the Kibera grassroots . African Affairs , 108 ( 433 ) : 581 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuyama , Francis , Thomas , Carothers , Edward , Mansfield , Jack , Snyder and Sheri , Berman . 2007 . The Debate on ‘Sequencing’ . Journal of Democracy , 18 ( 3 ) : 5 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Githongo , John . 2009 . http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/multimedia/?StoryID=269341 .
   Google Scholar
• Gyimah-Boadi , E. 2007 . “ Political parties, elections and patronage: Random thoughts on neo-patrimonialism and African democratization ” . In Votes, money, and violence: Political parties and elections in sub-Saharan Africa , Edited by: Matthias , Bsedau , Gero , Erdmann and Andreas , Mehler . Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
   Google Scholar
• Independent Review Commission Report . 2008 . 2007 elections in Kenya: Independent Review Commission Report . Nairobi : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Joseph , R.ichard. 1998 . Africa 1990–1997: From Abertura to closure . Journal of Democracy , 9 ( 2 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyvas , Stathis N. , and Laia Balcells . 2010 . International system and technologies of Rebellion: How the end of the cold war shaped internal conflict . American Political Science Review 104 , no. 3 : 415 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katumanga , M.usumbayi . 2005 . A city under siege: Banditry and modes of accumulation in Nairobi, 1991–2004 . Review of African Political Economy , 32 ( 106 ) : 513
   Google Scholar
• Keefer , Philip . 2008 . Insurgencies and credible commitment in autocracies and democracies . World Bank Economic Review , 22 ( 1 ) : 25 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Monitoring Project . 2009 . Status of implementation of agenda items 1–4 . Nairobi : South Consulting Group . http://www.dialoguekenya.org .
   Google Scholar
• Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Monitoring Project . 2010 . Review report for October–December 2009 . Nairobi : South Consulting Group . http://www.dialoguekenya.org/docs/ReviewReport2009.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Ksoll , Christopher , Rocco Macchiavello , Ameet Morjaria . 2009 . The impact of the Kenyan post-election violence on the Kenyan flower export industry . iiG Briefing paper. http://www.iig.ox.ac.uk/research/25-contractual-relationships-kenya-flower.htm .
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg , Steffan . 2006 . Democracy and elections in Africa , Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky , Steven and Lucan , Way . 2002 . The rise of competitive authoritarianism . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 2 ) : 51 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , Gabrielle . 2009 . Durable solution, help, or hindrance? The failings and unintended implications of relief and recovery efforts for Kenya's post-election IDPs . Review of African Political Economy , 36 ( 122 ) : 604 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathenge , Oliver . 2010 . Kenyans wary of violence in 2012 elections , Saturday Nation , October 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Mueller , Susanne D. 1984 . Government and opposition in Kenya . Journal of Modern African Studies , 22 ( 3 ) : 399 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , S.D. 2008 . The political economy of Kenya's crisis . Journal of Eastern African Studies , 2 ( 2 ) : 185 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi , S. Kimenyi and Njuguna , S. Ndung'u . 2005 . “ Sporadic ethnic violence: Why has Kenya not experienced a full-blown civil war? ” . In Understanding civil war: Evidence and analysis , Edited by: Paul , Collier and Nicholas , Sambanis . Vol. 1 , Washington, DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Nairobi Star . 2010 . Kenya Ocampo: Witnesses escape death . January 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Nairobi Star . 2010 . Kenya: Rift leaders behind witnesses attacks-NSIS . January 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Njogu , Kimani . 2009 . Healing the wound: Personal narratives about the 2007 post-election violence in kenya . Nairobi : Twaweza Communications .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , Daniel N. and Daniel , J.Young . 2007 . The institutionalization of political power in Africa . Journal of Democracy , 18 ( 3 ) : 126 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pre-Trial Chamber II . 2009 . Situation in the Republic of Kenya, Public Document: Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya, No. ICC-01/09, International Criminal Court . http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc854287.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya . 1999 . Report of the Judicial Commission appointed to inquire into tribal clashes in Kenya . Nairobi : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya . 2008 . Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the post election violence . Nairobi : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Reno , William . 2000 . Clandestine economies, violence, and states in Africa . Journal of International Affair , 53 ( 2 ) : 434
   Google Scholar
• Reno , William . 2002 . The politics of insurgency in collapsing states . Development and Change , 33 ( 5 ) : 837 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , Andrew . 2005 . Constitutional medicine . Journal of Democracy , 16 ( 1 ) : 64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southall , Roger . 1999 . “ Electoral systems and democratization in Africa ” . In Voting for democracy: Watershed elections in contemporary Anglophone Africa , Edited by: John , Daniel , Roger , Southall and Morris , Szeftel . 19 – 36 . Aldershot, Hampshire : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Southall , Roger . 2009 . Alternatives for electoral reform in Kenya: Lessons from southern Africa . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 27 ( 3 ) : 456 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• The Standard . 2010a . Too much talk but very little action . January 10 .
   Google Scholar
• The Standard . 2010b . Ocampo writes to Mutula over witness threats . January 25 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly Human Rights Council . 2009 . Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions by Philip Alston no. A/HRC/11/2/Add.6/26 . http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/11session/reports.htm .
   Google Scholar
• VOA News . 2010 . Theft in Kenya may be tied to ICC probe . March 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , Max . 2002 . Basic concepts in sociology , New York : Kensington Publication Corporation .
   Google Scholar