412
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Beyond polarity in Zanzibar? The ‘silent’ referendum and the government of national unity

&
Pages 195-218 | Received 05 Dec 2010, Accepted 06 Feb 2012, Published online: 26 Apr 2012

References

  • Anglin , D.G. 2000 . Zanzibar: Political impasse and commonwealth mediation . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 18 ( 1 ) : 39 – 66 .
  • Bakari , M.A. 2001 . The democratization process in Zanzibar: A retarded transition , Hamburg : Institute of African Affairs .
  • Black's Law Dictionary . 2004 . 8th ed . St. Paul , MN : Thomson West .
  • Butler , D. , and A. Ranney 1994 . Referendums around the world. The growing use of direct democracy . Washington , DC : American Enterprise Institute .
  • Campbell , J. 1962 . Multiracialism and politics in Zanzibar . Political Science Quarterly , 77 ( 1 ) : 72 – 87 .
  • CCM . 2010a . Kikao cha Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya CCM, Tarehe 14–15 Februari , 2010 . http://www.cms.ccmtz.org (accessed July 17, 2010) .
  • CCM . 2010b . Kikao cha Halmashauri Kuu ya Taifa ya CCM, Aprili 8, 2010. http://www.cms.ccmtz.org (accessed August 20, 2010) .
  • Cheeseman , N. 2010 . Power-sharing in comparative perspective: The dynamics of ‘unity government’ in Kenya and Zimbabwe . no. , 48 ( 2 ) : 203 – 29 .
  • Define Research and Insight . 2010 . Voting system for electing MPs to the House of Commons: Referendum question testing. Qualitative research report for the Electoral Commission, September 2010 , London : Define Research & Insight Ltd .
  • Gallagher , M. , and P.V. Uleri 1996 . The referendum experience in Europe . Basingstoke : MacMillan .
  • Glassman , J. 2000 . Sorting out the tribes: The creation of racial identities in colonial Zanzibar's newspaper wars . Journal of African History , 41 ( 3 ) : 395 – 428 .
  • Glassman , J. 2011 . War of words, war of stones: Racial thought and violence in colonial Zanzibar , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
  • GoZ . 1948 . Census . Zanzibar : Government of Zanzibar .
  • Habermas , J. 1984 . The theory of communicative action Vol. 1 , Boston : Beacon Press .
  • Heilman , B. 2004 . The second muafaka: A ceasefire or conflict resolution? . African Review , 31 ( 1–2 ) : 38 – 59 .
  • Hobbes , T. 1651/2004 . Leviathan or the matter, form and power of a common wealth ecclesiasticall and civil . Reprint . Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing .
  • IFES . 1995 . Republic in transition: 1995 elections in Tanzania and Zanzibar, observation report by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) , December 1995 .
  • Kaiser , P.J. 1999 . Power, sovereignty, and international election observers: The case of Zanzibar . Africa Today , 46 ( 1 ) : 29 – 46 .
  • Killian , B. 2008 . The state and identity politics in Zanzibar: Challenges to democratic consolidation in Tanzania . African Identities , 6 ( 2 ) : 99 – 125 .
  • Leduc , L. 2003 . The politics of direct democracy: Referendums in global perspective , Buffalo: Broadview Press .
  • Lofchie , M.F. 1965 . Zanzibar: Background to revolution , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Makulilo , A.B. 2008 . Tanzania: A de facto one party state? VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co , Saarbrücken: Kg .
  • Makulilo , A.B. 2011 . The Zanzibar Election Commission and its feckless independence . Journal of Third World Studies , XXVIII ( 1 ) : 263 – 83 .
  • Mapuri , O. 1996 . Revolution: Achievements and prospects , Dar es Salaam : Tema Publishers .
  • Mrina , B.F. and Mattoke , W.T. 1980 . Mapambano ya Ukombozi Zanzibar , Dar es Salaam : Tanzania Publishing House .
  • Myers , G.A. 2000 . Narrative representations of revolutionary Zanzibar . Journal of Historical Geography , 26 ( 3 ) : 429 – 48 .
  • NBS . 2002 . National Bureau of Statistics , Tanzania Population and Housing Census. Dar es Salaam: United Republic of Tanzania .
  • Perry , T. 2011 . Egypt army may seek ‘blank cheque’ with referendum . The Citizen , Thursday, November 24 , 2011 http://thecitizen.co.tz/editorialanalysis (accessed December 10, 2011) .
  • Qvortrup , M. 2002 . A comparative study of referendums: Government by the people , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Sheriff , A. 1991 . “ The peasantry under imperialism: 1873–1963 ” . In Zanzibar under colonial rule , Edited by: Sheriff , A. and Fergusson , E. London : James Currey .
  • Sheriff , A. 2001 . Race and class in the politics of Zanzibar . Africa Spectrum , 36 ( 3 ) : 301 – 18 .
  • Shivji , I.G. 2008 . Pan-Africanism or pragmatism: Lessons of Tanganyika – Zanzibar union , Dar es Salaam : Mkuki na Nyota Publishers .
  • SMZ . 2010 . Serikali ya Mapinduzi Zanzibar, Baraza la Wawakilishi, Kikao cha Tano, March 30, 2010 .
  • SSRC . 2011 . Final referendum results, Southern Sudan Referendum Commission (SSRC) . http://www.ssrc.sd/SSRC2/newsview.php (accessed February 8, 2012) .
  • Suhonen , R. 2009 . Mapinduzi Daima – revolution forever: Using the 1964 revolution in nationalistic political discourses in Zanzibar . MA thesis, University of Helsinki .
  • TEMCO . 2000 . Observation report of the 2000 general elections in Tanzania , Tanzania Election Monitoring Committee (TEMCO) .
  • TEMCO . 2006 . Tanzania Election Monitoring Committee, the 2005 Presidential and General Elections in Zanzibar , University of Dar es Salaam .
  • TEMCO . 2009 . Newsletter , Issue No. 1 , November 2009 .
  • TEMCO . 2010a . Newsletter , Issue No. 2 , February 2010 .
  • TEMCO . 2010b . Newsletter , Issue No. 4 , April 2010 .
  • TEMCO . 2010c . Interim statement on the referendum held in Zanzibar on July 31 , 2010 .
  • TEMCO . 2010d . Special Issue on Zanzibar Referendum , Issue No. 5 , August 2010 .
  • Triplett , G.W. 1971 . Zanzibar: The politics of revolutionary inequality . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 9 ( 4 ) : 612 – 17 .
  • ZEC . 2010a . Rasimu ya Kanuni ya Kura ya Maoni, Kimetolewa na Tume ya Uchaguzi ya Zanzibar, Juni 2010 .
  • ZEC . 2010b . Zanzibar referendum, July 31, 2010. http://referendum.zec.go.tz/ (accessed September 15, 2010) .
  • ZEC . 2011 . Ripoti ya Kura ya Maoni Tarehe 31 Julai 2010, Zanzibar .
  • ZEMOG . 1995 . Observation report for the 1995 Zanzibar election , Zanzibar Election Monitoring Group (ZEMOG) .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.