Moralising the agrarian question: Concealed meanings and competing master narratives in the construction of an imagined South African countryside

References

• Abu‐Lughod , J. 1995 . “The World‐System Perspective in the Construction of Economic History” . History and Theory , 34 : 86 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankersmit , F. 1989 . “Historiography and Postmodernism” . History and Theory , 28 ( 1 ) : 137 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins , K. 1988 . ‘Kaffir Time’: Preindustrial Temporal Concepts and Labour Discipline in Nineteenth‐Century Colonial Natal” . Journal of African History , 29 ( 2 ) : 229 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1993 . ’The Moon is Dead: Give us our Money!’: The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843–1900 , Portsmouth , New Hamshire : Heine‐mann .
   Google Scholar
• Beik , W. 1993 . “Debate: The Dilemma of Popular History” . Past & Present , 141 : 207 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Beinart , W. 1979 . "Joyini Inkomo: Cattle Advances and the Origins of Migrancy from Pondoland” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 5 ( 2 ) : 199 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987a . “The Anatomy of a Rural Scare: East Griqualand in the 1890s.” . Edited by: Beinart and Bundy . 46 – 77 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987b . “The Union, the Nation, and the Talking Crow: The Ideology and the Tactics of the Independent ICU in East London.” . Edited by: Beinart and Bundy . 270 – 320 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987c . “Worker Consciousness, Ethnic Particularism, and Nationalism: The Experiences of a South African Migrant, 1930–1960.” . Edited by: Marks and Trapido . 286 – 309 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987d . "Amafelandawonye (the Diehards): Popular Protest and Women's Movements in Hershel District in the 1920s.” . Edited by: Beinart and Bundy . 222 – 69 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1991 . “Transkeian Migrant Workers and Youth Labour on the Natal Sugar Estates, 1918–1948” . Journal of African History , 32 ( 1 ) : 41 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1992 . “Political and Collective Violence in Southern African Historiography” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 18 ( 3 ) : 455 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beinart , W. and Bundy , C. 1980 . “State Intervention and Rural Resistance: The Transkei, 1900–1965.” . Edited by: Klein . 271 – 315 . 1980:
   Google Scholar
• _____ , ed. 1987 . Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beinart , W. , Delius , P. and Trapido , S. , eds. 1986 . Putting a Plough to the Ground: Accumulation and Dispossession in Rural South Africa, 1850–1930 , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beinart , W. and Delius , P. 1986 . “Introduction.” . Edited by: Beinart , Delius and Trapido . 1 – 55 . 1986:
   Google Scholar
• Bozzoli , B. , ed. 1983 . Town and Countryside in the Transvaal: Capitalist Penetration and Popular Response , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . Class, Community and Conflict: South African Perspectives , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1991 . The Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy and Migrancy in South Africa, 1900–1983 , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bradford , H. 1984 . “Mass Movements and the Petty Bourgeoisie: The Social Origins of ICU Leadership, 1924–1929” . Journal of African History , 25 ( 2 ) : 295 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987a . A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987b . “‘We are now the men’: Women's Beer Protests in the 1920s and the 1930s in the Natal Countryside, 1929.” . Edited by: Bozzoli . 292 – 321 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . “Highways, and Byways, and Culs‐de‐Sacs: The Transition to Agrarian Capitalism in Revisionist South African History” . Radical History Review , 46/47 : 59 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1992 . “‘We Women Will Show them’: Beer Protests in the Natal Countryside, 1929.” . Edited by: Crush and Ambler . 208 – 34 . 1992:
   Google Scholar
• Bundy , C. 1972 . “The Emergence and Decline of the South African Peasantry” . African Affairs , 71 ( 285 ) : 369 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ , Palmer and Parsons . 1977 . “The Transkei Peasantry, c.1890–1914: ‘Passing through a Period of Stress’.” . 201 – 20 . 1977:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1979 . The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . “Land and Liberation: Popular Rural Protest and the National Liberation Movements in South Africa, 1920–1960.” . Edited by: Marks and Trapido . 254 – 85 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• Burke , P. 1981 . “People's History or Total History.” . Edited by: Samuel . 4 – 8 . 1981:
   Google Scholar
• _____ , ed. 1991 . New Perspectives on History Writing , University Park , Pennsylvania : Perm State Press .
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff , J. and J. 1992 . Ethnography and the Historical Imagination , Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , F. 1981 . “Peasants, Capitalists, and Historians: A Review Article” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 7 ( 2 ) : 312 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1993 . “Africa and the World Economy.” . Edited by: Cooper , F. 84 – 204 . 1993
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1994 . “Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History” . American Historical Review , 99 ( 5 ) : 1516 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , F. , Mallon , F. , Stern , S. , Isaacman , A. and Roseberry , W. 1993 . Confronting Historical Paradigms: Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America , Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crummey , D. 1986 . Banditry, Rebellion, and Social Protest in Africa , London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Crush , J. and Ambler , C. , eds. 1992 . Liquor and Labour in Southern Africa , Athens , Ohio : Ohio University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eley , G. 1988 . “Viewpoint: Nazism, Politics and the Image of the Past: Thoughts on the West German Historikerstreit, 1986–1987,” . Past & Present , 121 : 172 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , J. 1990 . “Mobile Workers, Modernist Narratives: A Critique of the Historiography of Transition on the Zambian Copperbelt (Part Two)” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 16 ( 4 ) : 603 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund , B. 1987 . “Rural Struggles and Transformations” . Southern African Historical Journal , 19 ( 2 ) : 168 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988 . “Review of Bradford . A Taste of Freedom, Journal of Peasant Studies , 16 ( 1 ) : 127 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1983 . Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg , C. 1989 . Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method , Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , S. 1980 . Race and State in Capitalist Development: A Comparative Perspective , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harries , P. 1994 . Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860–1910 , London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Hirst , P. , Tribe , K. and Ennew , J. 1977 . “ ‘Peasantry’ as an Economic Category” . Journal of Peasant Studies , 4 ( 2 ) : 295 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm , E. 1980 . “The Revival of the Narrative: Some Comments” . Past & Present , 86 ( 1 ) : 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Isaacman , A. 1993 . “Peasants and Rural Social Protest in Africa.” . Edited by: Cooper , F. 205 – 17 . 1993:
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , T. 1982 . “The Sharecropping Economy, African Class Formation and the 1913 Natives’ Land Act in the Highveld Maize Belt.” . Edited by: Marks and Rathbone . 195 – 211 . 1982:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1983 . “The Sharecropping Economy of the South African Highveld in the Early Twentieth Century” . Journal of Peasant Studies , 10 ( 2–3 ) : 201 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1985 . “Crisis and Catharsis in the Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture” . African Affairs , 84 ( 336 ) : 371 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1986 . “The Dynamics of Rural Accumulation in South Africa: Comparative and Historical Perspectives” . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 28 ( 4 ) : 628 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . Rural Transformations in Industrializing South Africa: The Southern Highveld to 1914 , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988 . Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa , Cape Town : David Philip .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989a . “Mike Morris and the Social Historians: A Response and a Critique” . Africa Perspective , 1 ( 7–8 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989b . “The Origins of Agrarian Capitalism in South Africa: A Reply” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 15 ( 4 ) : 666 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1992 . “The Making of the Rural Economy: From 1850 to the Present.” . Edited by: Konczacki , Parpart and Shaw . 36 – 63 . 1992:
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. , ed. 1980 . Peasants in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives , Beverly Hills : Sage Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Konczacki , Z. , Parpart , J. and Shaw , T. , eds. 1992 . Studies in the Economic History of South Africa. Volume II: South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland , London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Krikler , J. 1987 . “Reflections on the Transition to Socialism in South African Agriculture” . Africa Perspective [new series] , 1 ( 5–6 ) : 95 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989 . “Agrarian Class Struggle and the South African War, 1899–1902” . Social History , 14 ( 2 ) : 151 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1993 . Revolution from Above, Rebellion from Below: The Agrarian Transvaal at the Turn of the Century , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lacey , M. 1981 . Working for Boroko: The Origins of a Coercive Labour System in South Africa , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levi , G. 1991 . “On Micro‐history.” . Edited by: Burke . 93 – 113 . 1991:
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. 1984 . “The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenberger , T. and Wildt , M. 1992 . “Radical Plurality: History Workshops as a Practical Critique of Knowledge” . History Workshop Journal , 33 : 73 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Lipton , M. 1974 . “White Farming: A Case Study of Change in South Africa” . Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 12 ( 1 ) : 42 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Mah , H. 1991 . “Suppressing the Text: The Metaphysics of Ethnographic History in Darton's Great Cat Massacre"’ . History Workshop Journal , 31 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , T. 1989 . Modernising Super‐Exploitation: Restructuring South African Agriculture , London : Zed .
   Google Scholar
• Marino , J. 1993 . “Review of . The Modern World System, Volume III, Journal of Modern History , 65 ( 1 ) : 193 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , S. and Rathbone , R. , eds. 1982 . Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , S. 1986 . “Class, Ideology, and the Bambatha Rebellion.” . Edited by: Crummey . 351 – 72 . 1986:
   Google Scholar
• Marks , S. and Trapido , S. , eds. 1987 . The Politics of Race, Class & Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Matsetela , T. 1982 . “The Life Story of Nkgona Mma‐Pooe: Aspects of Sharecropping and Proletarianisation in the Northern Orange Free State, 1890–1930.” . Edited by: Marks and Rathbone . 212 – 37 . 1982:
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell , L. 1984 . “ ‘You are too Sentimental’: Problems and Suggestions for a New Labor History” . Journal of Social History , 17 ( 4 ) : 629 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megill , A. and McClosky , D. 1987 . “ ‘The Rhetoric of History.” . Edited by: Nelson , John , Megill , Allan and McCloskey , Donald . 221 – 38 . 1987:
   Google Scholar
• Megill , A. 1989 . “Recounting the Past: ‘Description’, Explanation, and Narrative in Historiography” . American Historical Review , 94 ( 3 ) : 627 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrington , J. 1975 . “Town and Country in the Transition to Capitalism” . New Left Review , 93 : 71 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. 1986 . “Competition and Cooperation in Middelburg, 1900–1930.” . Edited by: Beinart , Delius and Trapido . 373 – 419 . 1986:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988 . “The Disintegration of the Gold and Maize Alliance in South Africa in the 1920s” . International Journal of African Historical Studies , 21 ( 4 ) : 619 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M. 1979 . “The State and the Development of Capitalist Social Relations in the South African Countryside: A Process of Class Struggle.” . University of Sussex . Unpublished Ph.D dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1976a . “The Development of Capitalism in South Africa” . Journal of Development Studies , 12 ( 3 ) : 280 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1976b . “The Development of Capitalism in South African Agriculture: Class Struggle in the Countryside” . Economy & Society , 5 ( 3 ) : 292 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . “Social History and the Transition to Capitalism in the South African Countryside” . Africa Perspective [new series] , 1 ( 5–6 ) : 7 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , C. 1987 . “Review Article: Landlords, Tenants, and Share‐croppers — Agrarian Change in Regional Perspective” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 14 ( 1 ) : 153 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , M. 1988a . “The Triumph of Marxist Approaches in South African Social and Labour History” . Journal of Asian and African Studies , 23 ( 1–2 ) : 79 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1988b . “ ‘Burning the Wheat Stacks’: Land Clearances and Agrarian Unrest along the Northern Middelburg Frontier, c. 1918–1926” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 15 ( 1 ) : 102 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989a . “ ‘The Natives are Always Stealing’: White Vigilantes and the ‘Reign of Terror’ in the Orange Free State, 1918–1924” . Journal of African History , 30 ( 1 ) : 107 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989b . “The Origins of Agrarian Capitalism in South Africa: A Critique of the ‘Social History’ Perspective” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 15 ( 4 ) : 645 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , M. and Post , C. 1983 . “ ‘The Agrarian Question’: Class Struggle and the Capitalist State in the United States and South Africa” . Insurgent Sociologist , 11 ( 4 ) : 37 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. , Megill , A. and McCloskey , D. , eds. 1987 . The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs , Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nkadimeng , M. and Relly , G. 1983 . “Kas Maine: The Story of a Black South African Agriculturalist.” . Edited by: Bozzoli . 89 – 107 . 1983:
   Google Scholar
• Novick , P. 1988 . That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession , Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. 1990 . Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , R. and Parsons , N. , eds. 1977 . The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pecora , V. 1989 . “The Limits of Local Knowledge.” . Edited by: Veeser , H. Aram . 243 – 76 . 1989:
   Google Scholar
• Prins , G. 1979 . “The End of the Beginning of African History” . Social History , 4 ( 3 ) : 495 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , C. 1994 . Constructing Social Research , Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Pine Forge .
   Google Scholar
• Samuel , R. , ed. 1981 . People's History and Socialist Theory , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , W. 1988 . “Uneven Development: the Autonomy of Politics, and the Dockworkers of Nineteenth‐Century Marseille” . American Historical Review , 93 ( 3 ) : 604 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , J. 1991 . “History from Below.” . Edited by: Burke . 24 – 41 . 1991:
   Google Scholar
• Snell , K. 1990 . “Review of Alan Armstrong . Farmworkers”, Social History , 15 ( 1 ) : 120 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , G. 1993 . “Reply” . Past & Present , 141 : 215 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , L. 1994 . “Connections” . American Historical Review , 99 ( 1 ) : 2 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapido , S. 1971 . “South Africa in a Comparative Study of Industrialisation” . Journal of Development Studies , 7 ( 3 ) : 309 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1978 . “Landlord and Tenant in a Colonial Economy: The Transvaal 1880–1900” . Journal of Southern African Studies , 5 ( 1 ) : 26 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapido , S. and Delius , P. 1983 . "Inboekselings and Oorlams: The Creation and Transformation of a Servile Class.” . Edited by: Bozzoli . 53 – 88 . 1983:
   Google Scholar
• Van Onselen , C. 1990 . “Race and Class in the South African Countryside: Cultural Osmosis and Social Relations in the Sharecropping Economy of the South‐Western Transvaal, 1900–1950” . American Historical Review , 95 ( 1 ) : 99 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1992 . “The Social and Economic Underpinning of Paternalism and Violence on the Maize Farms of the South‐Western Transvaal, 1900–1950” . Journal of Historical Sociology , 5 ( 2 ) : 127 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1993 . “The Reconstruction of a Rural Life from Oral Testimony: Critical Notes on the Methodology Employed in the Study of a Black South African Sharecropper” . Journal of Peasant Studies , 20 ( 3 ) : 494 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeser , H. , ed. 1989 . The New Historicism , New York and London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , R. 1980 . “Signs of the Times: Clifford Geertz and the Historians” . Social Research , 47 ( 3 ) : 537 – ‐81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , J. 1983 . “ ‘The Day the Town Stood Still’: Women in Resistance in Potchefstroom 1912–1930.” . Edited by: Bozzoli . 269 – 307 . 1983:
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1986 . “The War of Degradation: Black Women's Struggle against the Orange Free State Pass Laws, 1913.” . Edited by: Crummey . 253 – 70 . 1986:
   Google Scholar
• White , H. 1973 . Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe , Baltimore and London : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . The Content and the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation , Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolpe , H. 1972 . “Capitalism and Cheap Labour‐Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid” . Economy & Society , 1 ( 4 ) : 425 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar