Publication Cover
Politikon
South African Journal of Political Studies
Volume 40, 2013 - Issue 2
809
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Managing Spoilers in a Hybrid War: The Democratic Republic of Congo (1996–2010)

Pages 319-338 | Published online: 26 Feb 2013

References

  • All-Inclusive Agreement (Full Text in French Version) . 2003 . Accord global et inclusif sur la transition en République Démocratique du Congo , Bukavu : Editions du Centre d'Etude de Documentation et d'Animation Civique .
  • Alusala , N. 2005 . Disarmament and Reconciliation: Rwanda's Concerns , Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies .
  • Amnesty International 2009. “Democratic Republic Of Congo: Human Rights in Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/democratic-republic-congo
  • Autessere , S. 2006 . Local Violence, International Indifference? Postwar ‘Settlement’ in the Eastern D.R. Congo (2003–2006) . African Studies Review , 49 ( 3 ) : 1 – 29 . (doi:10.1353/arw.2007.0007)
  • Booysen , S. 2007 . ‘Choice Between Malaria and Cholera’ or ‘D'emocratic façade’: The 2006 Elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo . Politikon , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 . (doi:10.1080/02589340701336179)
  • Boshoff , Henri and Rupiya , Martin . 2003 . Delegates, Dialogue and Desperadoes: The ICD and the DRC Peace Process . African Security Review , 12 ( 3 ) : 32 – 34 .
  • Breytenbach , W. , Chilemba , D. , Brown , T. A. and Plantive , C. 1999 . Conflicts in the Congo: From Kivu to Kabila . African Security Review , 8 ( 5 ) Accessed July 5, 2010. http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/8no5/ConflictsInTheCongo.html (doi:10.1080/10246029.1999.9627762)
  • Carayannis , T. 2005 . “ The Complex Wars of the Congo: Towards a New Analytic Approach ” . In Phases of Conflict in Africa , Edited by: Rose , M. , Kaiser , K. and Kaiser , P. J. 83 – 106 . Ontario : de Sitter Publications .
  • Cilliers , J. and Malan , M. 2001 . Peacekeeping in the DRC: MONUC and the Road to Peace , Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies’ Publications .
  • Clark , J. F. 2001 . Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and Interpretations . Journal of Modern African Studies , 39 ( 2 ) : 261 – 287 . (doi:10.1017/S0022278X01003615)
  • Coghlan , B. , Brennan , R. J. , Ngoy , P. , Dofara , D. , Otto , B. , Clements , M. and Stewart , T. 2006 . Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Nationwide Survey . The Lancet , 367 ( 9504 ) : 4 – 51 . (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3)
  • Coleman , K. P. 2007 . International Organisations and Peace Enforcement: The Politics of International Legitimacy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. E. (2000). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Washington, DC: World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2355
  • Curtis, M. 2005. “Raison d'État Unleashed: Understanding Rwanda's Foreign Policy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Strategic Insights IV (7). Accessed May 3, 2007. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA5215
  • Dagne , T. 2005 . Democratic Republic of Congo: Transitional Process and UN Mission-Congressional Reports on Foreign Policy and Regional Affairs , Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service .
  • Daley , P. 2007 . The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-Making . Review of African Political Economy , 34 ( 112 ) : 333 – 352 . (doi:10.1080/03056240701449729)
  • Douma , P. , van Laar , S. and Kleem , B. 2008 . The Struggle After Combat. The Role of NGOs in DDR Processes: DR Congo Case Study , The Hague : Cordaid .
  • Doyle , M. W. and Sambanis , N. 2006 . Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Faltas, S., and Namwira, M. 2007, “Case Study: DR Congo, Complementarily Between NGOs, National Authorities and Donor Initiatives.” Paper presented at the international conference: From rebel to taxpayer? Working together for successful DDR, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, May 30–31, 9–11
  • Gambino, A. W. (2008). Congo Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, Special report 40
  • Gourou, P. 2003, “The Democratic Republic of Congo: Physical and Social Geography.” In Africa, South of the Sahara 2004, edited by Regional Surveys of the World, 289–340. London: Europa Publications
  • Hampson , F. O. 2001 . “ Parent, Midwife, or Accidental Executer? The Role of Third Parties in Ending Violent Conflict ” . In Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict , Edited by: Crocker , Chester , Hampson , Fan and Aall , Pamela . 387 – 406 . Washington , DC : U.S Institute of Peace Press .
  • Hibou , B. 2004 . Privatising the State , London : Hurst and Company .
  • Hoebeke , H. 2005 . Elections Between Hope and Fear: The African Great Lakes in Transitions? . Clingendael Conflict Research Unit: Policy Brief , 4 : 1 – 4 .
  • Hugo , J.-F. 2006 . La République Démocratique du Congo: une guerre inconnue , Paris : Editions Michalon .
  • Human Rights Watch 2004. “D.R. Congo: War Crimes in Bukavu.” Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2004/06/11/congo8803.htm
  • Human Rights Watch 2007. “Renewed Crisis in North Kivu.” Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/10/22/renewed-crisis-north-kivu-0
  • Human Rights Watch 2009. “UN: Ensure Peacekeepers in Congo Focus on Protecting Civilians.” Release, 23 December. Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/12/23/un-ensure-peacekeepers-congo-focus-protecting-civilians
  • International Court of Justice 2005. “Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda): General List 116.” Accessed August 14, 2010. www.icj-iij.org/docket/files/116/10455.pdf
  • International Crisis Group 2005. “The Congo's Transition is Failing: Crisis in the Kivus.” Africa Report 91, pp. 1–41. Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/The%20Congos%20Transition%20Is%20Failing%20Crisis%20in%20the%20Kivus.pdf
  • Jackson , S. 1996 . Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern DR Congo . African Studies Review , 49 ( 2 ) : 104 – 108 .
  • Jackson , S. 2006 . Borderlands and the Transformation of War Economies: Lessons from the DR Congo . Conflict, Security and Development , 6 ( 3 ) : 425 – 447 . (doi:10.1080/14678800600933621)
  • Kagame, P. 2003. “Current Prospects for Peace in the Great Lakes Region.” Speech by President of the Republic of Rwanda at the U.S. Institute of Peace: 6th March 2003. Accessed August 25, 2008. http://www.gov.rw/government/president/speeches/2003/06_03_03_1_washdc.html
  • Khadiagala , G. 2009 . “ South Africa's Role in Conflict Resolution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ” . In Africa's Peacemaker? Lessons from South African Conflict Mediation , Edited by: Shillinger , K. 70 – 76 . Auckland Park , SA : Fanele .
  • Kisangani , E. 2003 . Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Mosaic of Insurgent Groups . International Journal of World Peace , 20 ( 3 ) : 51 – 81 .
  • Lemarchand , R. 2000 . “ The Crisis in the Great Lakes ” . In Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux , Edited by: Harbeson , J. W. and Rothchild , D. 330 – 334 . Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
  • Lemarchand, R. 2001. The DRC: From Collapse to Potential Reconstruction, Occasional Paper 56. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Center of African Studies
  • Licklider , R. 1995 . The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993 . American Political Science Review , 89 ( 3 ) : 681 – 687 . (doi:10.2307/2082982)
  • Loffman , R. 2007 . Review of the Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace . African Affairs , 107 ( 426 ) : 136 – 138 . (doi:10.1093/afraf/adm079)
  • Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 1999. “Full Text of the Ceasefire Agreement.” Accessed July 20, 2005. http://www.usip.org/library/pa/drc/drc_07101999.html
  • Mamdani , M. 2002 . When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Nest , M. W. , Grignon , F. and Kisangani , E. F. 2006 . The Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace , Boulder, CO & London : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
  • Newman, E., and Richmond, O. (2006), The Impact of Spoilers on Peace Processes and Peacebuilding, Policy Briefing. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1–8
  • Nzongola-Ntalaja , G. 2002a . “ Civil War, Peacekeeping, and the Great Lakes Region ” . In The Causes of War and the Consequences of Peacekeeping in Africa , Edited by: Laremont , R. R. Portsmouth , NH : Heinemann .
  • Nzongola-Ntalaja , G. 2002b . The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History , London & New York : Zed Books .
  • Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. 2004. “The Politics of Citizenship in the DRC: State, Borders and Nations: Negotiating Citizenship in Africa.” Paper presented at the annual international African studies conference, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, May 19–20
  • Nzongola-Ntalaja , G. 2007 . “ The Politics of Citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Cong ” . In Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa , Edited by: Nugent , P. , Hammett , D. and Dorman , S. 69 – 80 . Leiden : Brill .
  • Overseas Development Institute 2005. “Conflict in the Great Lakes Region: How is it Linked with Land and Migration?” Accessed June 30, 2006. www.odi.org.uk/nrp/96.pdf
  • Prunier , G. 1998 . The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide , London : Hurst and Company .
  • Rafti , M. 2006 . South Kivu: A Sanctuary for the Rebellion of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda , Antwerp : University of Antwerp, Institute of Development and Management .
  • Reed , W. C. 1998 . “ Guerrillas in the Midst: The Former Government of Rwanda and the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire in Eastern Zaire ” . In African Guerrillas , Edited by: Clapham , C. S. 134 – 155 . Oxford : James Currey .
  • Renton , D. , Seddon , D. and Zeilig , L. 2007 . The Congo: Plunder and Resistance , London : Zed Books .
  • Reyntjens , F. 2006 . Post-1994 Politics in Rwanda: Problematising ‘Liberation’ and ‘Democratization . Third World Quarterly , 27 ( 6 ) : 1103 – 1117 . (doi:10.1080/01436590600842399)
  • Rogier , E. 2004 . “ The Inter-Congolese Dialogue: A Critical Overview ” . In Challenges of Peace Implementation: The UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Edited by: Malan , M. and Porto , J. G. 25 – 42 . Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies .
  • Rogier, E. 2005. “The Labyrinthine Path to Peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” In The Peace Process in DRC: A Reader, edited by Institute for Security Studies, 3–25. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies
  • Specker , L. 2008 . The R-phase of DDR Processes: An Overview of Key Lessons Learned and Practical Experiences , The Hague : Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael .
  • Stedman , S. 1996 . “ Negotiation and Mediation in Internal Conflicts ” . In The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict , Edited by: Brown , M. E. 369 – 371 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
  • Stedman , S. 1997 . Spoiler Problems in Peace Process . International Security , 22 ( 2 ) : 5 – 53 .
  • Swart , G. 2004 . Peace in pieces? Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo … Again , Pretoria : Center for International Political Studies .
  • Swart , G. and Solomon , H. 2004 . Conflict in the DRC: A Critical Assessment of Whether the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement has been a Success , Johannesburg : South African Institute for International Affairs .
  • Thom , W. G. 2010 . African Wars: A Defense Intelligence Perspective , Calgary : University of Calgary Press .
  • Tull , D. M. and Mehler , A. 2005 . The Hidden Costs of Power-Sharing: Reproducing Insurgent Violence in Africa . African Affairs , 104 ( 416 ) : 375 – 398 . (doi:10.1093/afraf/adi034)
  • Turner , T. 2007 . The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality , London : Zed Books .
  • UNHCR . 2000 . The State of the World's Refugees: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • United Nations 2001. “Final Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” S/2002/1146. Accessed December 24, 2009. http://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/drcongo.htm
  • United Nations 2005. “Security Council Committee Issues List of Individuals and Entities Subject to Measures Imposed by Resolution 1596.” Accessed December 24, 2009. www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8546.doc.htm
  • UN Security Council 2009. Final report of the Group of Experts on the DR of the Congo (S/2009/603)
  • Viken, A. S. 2009. “Inclusion and Exclusion as Problems of Peace Processes: The Case of Burundi.” Master's thesis, Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
  • Vlassenroot , K. 2006 . “ A Societal View on Violence & War Conflict & Militia Formation in Eastern Congo ” . In Violence, Political Culture and Development in Africa , Edited by: Kaarsholm , P. 49 – 65 . Oxford : James Currey .
  • Vlassenroot , Koen and Huggins , Chris . 2005 . “ Land, Migration and Conflict in Eastern DRC ” . In From the Ground Up: Land Rights, Conflict and Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa , Edited by: Huggins , Chris and Clover , Jenny . 115 – 194 . Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies .
  • Wadada-Nabudere , D. 2004 . The Political Economy of Conflict and War in the Great Lakes Region , Cape Town : Institute for Justice and Reconciliation .
  • Weiss , H. 2000 . War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
  • Weiss , H. and Carayannis , T. 2004 . Reconstructing the Congo . Journal of International Affairs , 58 ( 1 ) : 105 – 142 . (doi:10.1080/1035771032000184791)
  • Wolters , S. 2004 . Continuing Instability in the Kivu: Testing the DRC Transition to the Limit , Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies .
  • Young , C. 1994 . Zaire: The Shattered Illusion of the Integral State . Journal of International Affairs , 32 ( 2 ) : 247 – 263 .
  • Young , C. 2006 . The Heart of the African Conflict Zone: Democratization, Ethnicity, Civil Conflict, and the Great Lakes Crisis . Annual Review of Political Science , 9 : 302 – 308 . (doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170648)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.