Security coordination in an illegal market: the transnational trade in rhinoceros horn

References

• 50/50. 2008. “Vietnam Embassy was Caught Red-Handed in Illegal Rhino Horn Transaction.”
   Google Scholar
• Amman, Karl. 2015. “Characteristics of Rhino Horn Trade along Vietnam’s Northern Borders.” On Conservation Action Trust website.
   Google Scholar
• An, Ha. 2015. “65 kgs of Smuggled Rhino Horns, Ivory Busted at Hanoi Airport.” Thanhnien News. Ho Chi Minh City.
   Google Scholar
• Animal Rights Africa. 2009. “Under siege: Rhinoceroses in South Africa.” In Animal Rights Africa. Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Ayling, Julie. 2013. “What Sustains Wildlife Crime? Rhino Horn Trading and the Resilience of Criminal Networks.” Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 16 (1): 57–80. doi:10.1080/13880292.2013.764776.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, Gautam. 2014. “Concealment, Corruption, and Evasion: A Transaction Cost and Case Analysis of Illicit Supply Chain Activity.” Journal of Transportation Security 1–18. doi:10.1007/s12198–014–0140-8.
   Google Scholar
• Beare, Margaret. 2003. “Introduction.” In Critical Reflections on Transnational Organised Crime, Money Laundering, and Corruption, edited by Margaret Beare, XI–XXIX. Toronto: Canada University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckert, Jens. 2007. “The Social Order of Markets.” In MPIfG Discussion Papers, 32. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
   Google Scholar
• Beckert, Jens. 2009. “The Social Order of Markets.” Theory and Society 38 (3): 245–269. doi:10.1007/s11186-008-9082-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckert, Jens, and Frank Wehinger. 2011. “In the Shadow: Illegal Markets and Economic Sociology.” In MPIfG Discussion Papers, 25. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
   Google Scholar
• Beckert, Jens and Frank Wehinger. 2013. “In the Shadow: Illegal Markets and Economic Sociology.” Socio-Economic Review 11 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1093/ser/mws020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergenas, Johan and Ariella Knight. 2015. “Green Terror: Environmental Crime and Illicit Financing.” SAIS Review of International Affairs 35 (1): 119–131. doi: 10.1353/sais.2015.0004
   Google Scholar
• CITES. 1994. “Resolution Conference 9.14: Conservation of and Trade in African and Asian Rhinoceroses.” On CITES website.
   Google Scholar
• CITES Secretariat. 2014. “Interpretation and Implementation of the Convention, Species Trade and Conservation: Rhinoceroses.” on CITES website.
   Google Scholar
• CITES Trade Database. 2013. “Export Data: Ceratotherium simum simum.” On CITES website.
   Google Scholar
• Connett, David. 2014. “$1m Bounty of the ‘Pablo Escobar’ of Animal Trafficking Head: Reward Targets Vixay Keosavang in New Escalation of Fight against this ‘Lucrative’ Crime.” The Independent. London.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Dee, Martin Roberts, and Jason Lowther. 2002. The International Wildlife Trade and Organised Crime: A Review of the Evidence and the Role of the UK. London: WWF.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, Rosaleen. 2014. “Waging a War to Save Biodiversity: The Rise of Militarized Conservation.” International Affairs 90 (4): 819–834. doi: 10.1111/1468-2346.12142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, Stephen. 1994. “Of Elephants and Men: Politics and Nature Conservation in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (1): 53–69. doi: 10.1080/03057079408708386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, Thomas. 2013. “In Trafficking of Wildlife, Out of Reach of Law.” New York Times. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Gambetta, Diego. 2009. Codes of the Underworld. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, Justin, Tuesday Reitano, and Mark Shaw. 2014. “The Global Response to Transnational Organized Environmental Crime.” In Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime Series on Environmental Crime. Geneva: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime.
   Google Scholar
• Hanks, John. 2015. Operation Lock and the War on Rhino Poaching. Cape Town: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, Jasper, and Mike L. R. Smith. 2014. “The ‘Rhinofication’ of South African Security.” International Affairs 90 (4): 795–818. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerry, John. 2013. First Reward Offer for Transnational Organized Crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State.
   Google Scholar
• Kvinta, Paul. 2014. “The Madness of Modern-Day Poaching.” In Outside Live Bravely.
   Google Scholar
• Lindelauf, Roy, Peter Borm, and Herbert Hamers. 2009. “The Influence of Secrecy on the Communication Structure of Covert Networks.” Social Networks 31 (2): 126–137. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2008.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunstrum, Elizabeth. 2014. “Green Militarization: Anti-Poaching Efforts and the Spatial Contours of Kruger National Park.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 1–17. doi:10.1080/00045608.2014.912545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken, Tom. 2014. “Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report to Improve Law Enforcement Under the Wildlife TRAPS Project.” In USAID and TRAFFIC.
   Google Scholar
• Milliken, Tom, and Tom Shaw. 2012. The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus: A Deadly Combination of Institutional Lapses, Corrupt Wildlife Industry Professionals and Asian Crime Syndicates. Johannesburg: TRAFFIC.
   Google Scholar
• Montesh, Moses. 2013. Rhino Poaching: A New Form of Organised Crime. Pretoria: UNISA.
   Google Scholar
• Morselli, Carlo. 2008. Inside Criminal Networks. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Morselli, Carlo, Cynthia Giguère, and Katia Petit. 2007. “The Efficiency/Security Trade-Off in Criminal Networks.” Social Networks 29 (1): 143–153. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2006.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor, R. Thomas. 2004a. “The Underworld of Ivory.” Crime, Law and Social Change 42 (5): 261–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor, R. Thomas. 2004b. Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance and the Underworld Economy. Vol. revised edition. Montreal: McGill Queens’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olivier, John. 2011. “ Police Statement.” Johannesburg, Bramley Police Station.
   Google Scholar
• Paoli, Letizia. 2002. “The Paradoxes of Organized Crime.” Crime, Law and Social Change 37 (1): 51–97. doi: 10.1023/A:1013355122531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pienaar, Daan J., A. J. Hall-Martin, and Peter M. Hitchens. 1991. “Horn Growth Rates of Free-Ranging White and Black Rhinoceros.” Review of Koedoe 34 (2): 97–105.
   Google Scholar
• Rademeyer, Julian. 2012. Killing for Profit: Exposing the Illegal Rhino Horn Trade. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rademeyer, Julian. 2014. “Untouchable? Wildlife Crime Kingpin Vixay Keosavang.” Environmental Investigation Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Rademeyer, Julian. 2015. “North Korean Diplomat Expelled from SA for Rhino Horn Trafficking.” In News24.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Mozambique. 2013. Conservations Areas Act. Maputo: Assembly of the Republic.
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, Peter. 1983. Disorganized Crime the Economics of the Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sellar, John M. 2015. “What’s Happening in Kruger is so much more than Poaching.” In Linked In.
   Google Scholar
• Standing, Andre. 2003. “Rival Views of Organized Crime.” In ISS Monograph Series, edited by Institute for Security Studies. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities. 1961. “Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.” In United Nations Treaty Series.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly. 15 November 2000. “United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.” In Adopted by General Assembly resolution, edited by United Nations, 55/25.
   Google Scholar
• Varese, Federico. 2011. Mafias on the Move. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, Oliver E. 1989. “Transaction Cost Economics.” Handbook of Industrial Organization 1: 135–182. doi: 10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01006-X
   Google Scholar
• Windle, James, and Graham Farrell. 2012. “Popping the Balloon Effect: Assessing Drug Law Enforcement in Terms of Displacement, Diffusion, and the Containment Hypothesis.” Substance Use & Misuse 47 (7–8): 868–876. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2012.663274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witter, Rebecca. 2013. “Elephant-Induced Displacement and the Power of Choice: Moral Narratives about Resettlement in Mozambique’s Limpopo National Park.” Conservation and Society 11 (4): 406–419. doi: 10.4103/0972-4923.125756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt, Tanya. 2009. “Exploring the Organization of Russia Far East’s Illegal Wildlife Trade: Two Case Studies of the Illegal Fur and Illegal Falcon Trades.” Global Crime 10: 144–154. doi: 10.1080/17440570902783947
   Google Scholar
• Interview data
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Airport official, July 2013, Maputo, Mozambique.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Anti-poaching official 3, July 2013, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Convicted offender 17, October 2013, undisclosed correctional centre, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Law enforcement official 1, December 2015, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Law enforcement official 2, December 2015, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Law enforcement professional, September 2013, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Organized crime investigator 3, August 2013, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Rhino kingpin 1, June 2013, Cubo, Mozambique.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Rhino kingpin 2, June 2013, Massingir, Mozambique.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Rhino kingpin 3, August 2013, Massingir, Mozambique.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Rhino poacher 15, August 2013, Massingir, Mozambique.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: SARS investigator 1, March 2013, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Key informant interview: Steven Galster, Freeland Foundation, September 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam.
   Google Scholar
• Small group discussion: Customs officials, August 2013, Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar