Intermediating Between Conflict and Security: Private Security Companies as Infrastructures of Security in Post-apartheid South Africa

References

• Abrahamsen, R., and M. C. Williams. 2007. “Securing the City: Private Security Companies and Non-State Authority in Global Governance.” International Relations 21 (2): 237–253. doi: 10.1177/0047117807077006
   Google Scholar
• Agamben, G. 1995. Homo Sacer: Sovereignty and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avant, D. D. 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ballard, R. 2004. “Assimilation, Emigration, Semigration and Integration: “White” Peoples Strategies for Finding a Comfort Zone in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” In Under Construction: Race and Identity in South Africa Today, edited by N. Distiller, and M. Steyn, 51–66. Johannesburg: Heineman.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, M. B., D. Dewar, I. F. Muzondo, and J. F. Whittal. 2007. “Land Conflicts in Informal Settlements: Wallacedene in Cape Town, South Africa.” Urban Forum 18 (3): 171–189. doi: 10.1007/s12132-007-9010-9
   Google Scholar
• Berlant, L. 2007. “Slow Death (Sovereignty, Obesity, Lateral Agency).” Critical Inquiry 33: 754–780. doi: 10.1086/521568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersema, J. 2011. “Guilt Behind the Gate: White South Africans & The Experience of Gated Living in Post-apartheid South Africa.” Paper Presented at Conference Entitled: The Struggle to belong: Dealing with Diversity in Urban Settings, Amsterdam, July 7–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, P., and J. Dugard. 2008. “Water, Human Rights and Social Conflict: South African Experiences.” Law, Social Justice & Global Development 1: 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, L. 2004. “Bounded Space: Demographic Anxieties in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg.” Social Identities 10 (4): 455–468. doi: 10.1080/1350463042000258908
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, I. S. 2006. “Learning from the Local: Experiences of Informal Settlement Upgrading in Kwazulu-Natal.” South African Review of Sociology 37 (1): 48–64. doi: 10.1080/21528586.2006.10419146
   Google Scholar
• Crimestats.co.za. 2019a. Precinct: Ikageng. Accessed 2 September 2019. https://www.crimestatssa.com/precinct.php?id=356.
   Google Scholar
• Crimestats.co.za. 2019b. Precinct: Potchefstroom. Accessed 2 September 2019. https://www.crimestatssa.com/precinct.php?id=349.
   Google Scholar
• Cross, C. 2008. “Housing Delivery as Anti-Poverty: Is South Africa on the Right Track? ” Paper Presented at the Southern African Housing Foundation International Conference & Exhibition, 12–15 October. Cape Town. Accessed 9 March 2014. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHAFRICA/Resources/sahf_2008_draft_v_3_17_sept.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Diphoorn, T. G. 2015. “The “Bravo Mike Syndrome”: Private Security Culture and Racial Profiling in South Africa.” Policing and Society 27 (5): 525–540. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2015.1089869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diphoorn, T. G. 2016. Twilight Policing Private Security and Violence in Urban South Africa. Berkley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diphoorn, T. G. 2017. “Who do you Call? Private Security Policing in Durban, South Africa.” In Private Security in Africa, edited by P. Higate, and M. Utas, 90–106. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, M. 1991. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1997. Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. 1989. “The End of History?” The National Interest 16: 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung, J. 1969. “Violence, Peace and Security.” Journal of Peace Research 27 (3): 167–191. doi: 10.1177/002234336900600301
   Google Scholar
• Goebel, A. 2007. “Sustainable Urban Development? Low-cost Housing Challenges in South Africa.” Habitat International 31 (3–4): 291–302. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, G. 2013. Rethinking the South African Crisis: Nationalism, Populism, Hegemony. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C., and M. D. Pugh. 1993. “Poverty, Income Inequality and Violent Crime: a Meta-Analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies.” Criminal Justice Review 18 (2): 182–202. doi: 10.1177/073401689301800203
   Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer, M. 2009. “The Struggle for In Situ Upgrading of Informal Settlements: A Reflection on Cases in Gauteng.” Development Southern Africa 26 (1): 59–73. doi: 10.1080/03768350802640099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer, M. 2010. “Pounding at the Tip of the Iceberg: The Dominant Politics of Informal Settlement Eradication in South Africa.” Politikon 37 (1): 129–148. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2010.492153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman, K. 2000. “ The Urban Future: Enclosed Neighbourhoods?” Paper presented at the Urban Futures Conference. Johannesburg, July 10–14.
   Google Scholar
• Langenohl, A. 2017. “Modular Sovereignty, Security and Debt: The Excessive Deficit Procedure of the European Union.” Finance and Society 3 (2): 124–142. doi: 10.2218/finsoc.v3i2.2573
   Google Scholar
• Larkin, B. 2013. “The Politics and Poetics on Infrastructure.” Annual Review of Anthropology 42: 327–343. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leander, A. 2010. “‘Commercial Security Practice’.” In The Routledge Handbook of new Security Studies, edited by P. J. Burgess, 208–216. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lemanski, C. 2004. “A new Apartheid? The Spatial Implications of Fear of Crime in Cape Town.” Environment and Urbanization 16: 101–112. doi: 10.1630/0956247042310043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemanski, C., and S. Oldfield. 2008. “The Parallel Claims of Gated Communities and Land Invasions in a Southern City: Polarised State Responses.” Environment and Planning 41 (3): 634–648. doi: 10.1068/a40173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, S. 2001. “The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear.” American Anthropologist 103: 45–58. doi: 10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, S. 2008. “Fortification of Residential Neighbourhoods and the new Emotions of Home.” Housing, Theory and Society 25: 47–65. doi: 10.1080/14036090601151038
   Google Scholar
• Lukacs, G. 1923. History & Class Consciousness. Brecon: Merlin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Makhulu, A. M. 2010. “The “Dialectics of Toil”: Reflections on the Politics of Space after Apartheid’. Ethics of Scale: Relocating Politics After Liberation.” Anthropological Quarterly 83 (3): 551–580. doi: 10.1353/anq.2010.0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S. 1995. “Getting Away with Murder: Segregation and Violent Crime in Urban America.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 143: 1203–1232. doi: 10.2307/3312474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbembe, A. 2003. “Necropolitics.” Public Culture 15 (1): 11–40. doi: 10.1215/08992363-15-1-11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3: 672–682. doi: 10.2307/2084686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner, S. F., and R. Rosenfeld. 1997. “‘Political Restraint of the Market and Levels of Criminal Homicide: A Cross-National Application of Institutional-Anomie Theory’.” Social Forces 75: 1393–1416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mhlanza, L., G. Ziervogel, and D. Scott. 2016. “Water, Rights and Poverty: An Environmental Justice Approach to Analysing Water Management Devices in Cape Town.” Urban Forum 27 (4): 363–382. doi: 10.1007/s12132-016-9296-6
   Google Scholar
• Pare, P. P., and R. Felson. 2014. “Income Inequality, Poverty and Crime Across Nations.” The British Journal of Sociology 65 (3): 434–458. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povinelli, E. 2011. Economies of Abandonment: Social Belonging and Endurance in Late Liberalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA). 2018. Annual Report 2017/2018. https://www.psira.co.za/psira/dmdocuments/PSIRA_AR2018_final.pdf. (Accessed: 2 September 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Ross, F. C. 2010. Raw Life, New Hope: Decency, Housing and Everyday Life in a Post-Apartheid Community. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Savolainen, J. 2000. “Inequality, Welfare State, and Homicide: Further Support for the Institutional Anomie Theory.” Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal 38: 1021–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shozi, P. 2018. Wires of Death ̶ Illegal Electricity Connections are a Death-Trap. Accessed 16 January 2019. https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Hillcrest-Fever/wires-of-death-illegal-electricity-connections-are-a-death-trap-20180918.
   Google Scholar
• South African Institute of Race Relations and AfriForum. 2016. Winning the War on Crime in South Africa: A New Approach to Community Policing. Accessed 3 August 2017. www.irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/…/sairr_english_wwacinsa_print_050916.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• South African Police Service (SAPS). 2018 . Annual Review 2017-2018. Accessed 2 September 2019. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201810/saps-annual-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Spieker, J. 2011. “Foucault and Hobbes on Politics, Security and War.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 36 (3): 187–199. doi: 10.1177/0304375411418596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinks, C. 2001. “A New Apartheid? Urban Spatiality, (fear of) Crime and Segregation in Cape Town, South Africa”. London School of Economics and Political Science Working Paper No. 01-20. University of London: Development Studies Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). 2017. Tlokwe City Council. Accessed 31 July 2017. http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=993&id=tlokwe-city-council-municipality.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). 2019. Discouragement Decreases and Unemployment Increases in the Second Quarter of 2019. Accessed 2 September 2019. http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=12376.
   Google Scholar
• The United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2019. Map of Homicide in Countries Worldwide. Accessed 2 September 2019. https://dataunodc.un.org/GSH_app.
   Google Scholar
• Van Riet, G. 2016. “The Limits of Constitutionalism and Political Development.” New Contree 75: 98–115.
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulin, S. 2006. “Informal Settlement Policies in the Polycentric City: The Case of Durban.” South Africa Review of Sociology 37 (1): 65–79. doi: 10.1080/21528586.2006.10419147
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J. J. 2000. “South Africa: Urban Transformation.” Cities 17 (3): 167–183. doi: 10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00012-3
   Google Scholar