Sustainability of Borders in a Post-COVID-19 World

References

• Aduloju, A. A. 2017. “ECOWAS and Free Movement of Persons: African Women as Cross-Border Victims.” Journal of International Women Studies 18 (4): 25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Al Jazeera. 2020. “Timeline: How the New Coronavirus Spread.” Accessed May 19th. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523104447/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/timeline-china-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B., N. Sharma, and C. Wright. 2009. “Why No Borders?” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 26 (2): 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• Asiwaju, A. I. 2017. African Border Boom Town: Imeko Since c.1780. Ibadan: Bookbuilder.
   Google Scholar
• Babatunde, A. I. 2020. “Impacts of COVID-19 on Supply Chain Operations in Nigeria.” International Journal of Business and Management Invention 9 (4): 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Banulescu-Bogdan, N., B. Susan, and S. Fratzke. 2020. “Coronavirus Is Spreading Across Borders, But It Is Not A Migration Problem.” Accessed May 16th. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/coronavirus-not-a-migration-problem.
   Google Scholar
• Bauder, H. 2011. “Towards a Critical Geography of the Border: Engaging the Dialectic of Practice and Meaning.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101 (5): 1126–1139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn, S. I. 1988. A Theory of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhagat, R. B., R. S. Reshmi, H. Sahoo, A. K. Roy, and D. Govil. 2020. “The COVID-19, Migration and Livelihood in India.” A Background Paper for Policymakers. International Institute for Population Sciences Mumbai.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, R., and C. Barr. 2020. “Black People Four Times More Likely to Die from COVID-19 ONS Finds.” The Guardian, May 7th. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/black-people-four-times-more-likely-to-die-from-covid-19-ons-finds.
   Google Scholar
• Bouët, A., and D. Laborde. 2020. “COVID-19 Border Policies Create Problems for African Trade and Economic Pain for Communities.” International Food Policy Research Institute. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523192441/https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-border-policies-create-problems-african-trade-and-economic-pain-communities.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. 2014. “Free Movement." In Marxism and the Transnational Migration of People: Ethical issues. 1st ed. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carens, J. H. 1987. “Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders.” The Review of Politics 49 (2): 251–273.
   Google Scholar
• Chugh, A. 2020. “Will COVID-19 Change How We Think about Migration and Migrant Workers?” World Economic Forum. Accessed May 23rd. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523153309/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-coronavirus-migration-migrant-workers-immigration-policy-health-securitization-risk-travel-bubbles/.
   Google Scholar
• Clemens, M. A. 2011. "Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 25 (3): 83--106. http://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, P. 2000. Philosophies of Exclusion: Liberal Political Theory and Immigration. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connor, P. 2020. “More Than Nine-in-Ten People Worldwide Live in Countries with Travel Restrictions Amid COVID-19.” Pew Research Center. Accessed May 20th. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523144601/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/01/more-than-nine-in-ten-people-worldwide-live-in-countries-with-travel-restrictions-amid-covid-19/.
   Google Scholar
• Deloitte. 2020. “Managing Supply Chain Risk and Disruption.” June 15th. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/risk/articles/covid-19-managing-supply-chain-risk-and-disruption.html.
   Google Scholar
• Dick, E., and B. Schraven. 2019. “Towards a Borderless Africa? Regional Organisations and the Free Movement of Persons in West and North-East Africa.” German Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Eržen, B., M. Weber, and S. Sacchetti. 2020. “Expert Voice: How COVID-19 Is Changing Border Control.” International Center for Migration Policy Development. Accessed May 23rd. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523183927/https://www.icmpd.org/n.ews-centre/news-detail/expert-voice-how-covid-19-is-changing-border-control/.
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020. “Event Background COVID-19.” Accessed May 23rd. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523102647/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus/event-background-2019.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. Migration and Home Affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Foucher, M. 2020. “African Borders: Putting Paid to a Myth.” Journal of Borderlands Studies 35 (2): 287–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, S., and B. Kasparek. 2010. Grenzregime: Diskurse. Praktiken, Institutionen in Europa, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2020. “COVID-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide.” Accessed June 15th. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration. 2020a. “COVID-19: Access Challenges and the Implications of Border Restrictions.” Accessed May 20th. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523112240/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/COVID%2019%20-%20Access%20Challenges%20and%20Implication%20of%20Border%20Restrictions%20%28UNHCR%20and%20IOM%29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Migration. 2020b. “Global Mobility Restrictions Update.” International Organization for Migration (IOM). Accessed May 20th. https://migration.iom.int/reports/dtm-covid19-travel-restrictions-output-%E2%80%94-21-may-2020?close=true&covid-page=1.
   Google Scholar
• IOM Research. 2020. “COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #3: Travel Restrictions & Mobility Understanding the Migration & Mobility Implications of COVID-19.” International Organization for Migration. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/our_work/ICP/MPR/covid-19_analytical_snapshot_3_-_travel_restrictions_and_mobility.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Koerner, K., and B. Boettcher. 2020. “COVID-19 And The EU: A New Europe Of Borders?” Deutsche Bank Research. Accessed May 20. https://www.dbresearch.com/servlet/reweb2.ReWEB?rwsite=RPS_EN-PROD&rwobj=ReDisplay.Start.class&document=PROD0000000000506615#.
   Google Scholar
• Kukathas, C. 2011. “Expatriatism: The Theory and Practice of Open Borders.” In Citizenship, Borders, and Human Needs, edited by Rogers M. Smith, 324–342. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kukathas, C. 2012. “Why Open Borders.” Ethical Perspectives 19 (4): 650–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarque, H. 2020. “COVID-19 and the Challenge of African Borderlands.” UNDP Africa. https://www.africa.undp..org./content/rba/en/home/blog/2020/covid-19-and-the-challenge-of-african-borderlands.html.
   Google Scholar
• McKie, A. 2020. “UK Universities face 2.6 bn Pounds Coronavirus Hit with 30,000 Jobs at Risk.” Times Higher Educations. Accessed June 15th. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/uk-universities-face-ps26bn-coronavirus-hit-30k-jobs-risk#.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil, D. G., and A. Jacobs. 2020. “Blaming China for Pandemic, Trump Says the US Will Leave the WHO.” The New York Times. May 29th. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/health/virus-who.html.
   Google Scholar
• Meisels, T. 2009. Territorial Rights. Vol. 72. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D. 2007. National Responsibility and Global Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nine, C. 2012. Global Justice and Territory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. Contribution of Migrant Doctors and Nurses to Tackling COVID-19 Crisis in OECD Countries. 1–10. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Okunade, S. K. 2020. “Irregular Emigration of Nigeria Youths: An Exploration of Core Drivers from the Perspective and Experiences of Returnee Migrants.” In Intra-Africa Migrations: Borders as Challenges and Opportunities, edited by J. Moyo et al. London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group).
   Google Scholar
• Okunade, S. K., and O. Ogunnubi. 2018. "A “Schengen” Agreement in Africa? African Agency and the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement." Journal of Borderlands Studies 119--137. http://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2018.1530128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okunade, S. K., and O. Ogunnubi. 2019. “The African Union Protocol on Free Movement: A Panacea to End Border Porosity?” Journal of African Union Studies 8 (1): 73–91.
   Google Scholar
• Onyekwena, C., and A. Ekeruche. 2020. “Understanding the Impact of The COVID-19 Outbreak on the Nigerian Economy.” Brookings. Accessed May 23rd. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523194131/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/08/understanding-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-the-nigerian-economy/.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, S. M. 2020. “The Multilateral System Still Cannot Get Its Act Together on COVID-19.” Council on Foreign Relations. June 15th. https://www.cfr.org/blog/multilateral-system-still-cannot-get-its-act-together-covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Price Waterhouse Coopers. 2020. “COVID-19 and the African Continental Free Trade Agreement.” Accessed December 30th. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/pdf/covid19-key-considerations-afcfta.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay, A. 2020. “Exclusive: Most Support UK Citizenship for Migrant Frontline Workers.” Open Democracy. Accessed June 15th. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/exclusive-most-support-uk-citizenship-migrant-frontline-workers/.
   Google Scholar
• Reidy, E. 2020. “Coronavirus: A Window of Opportunity for Action on Migration?” The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2020/06/10/coronavirus-migration-policies.
   Google Scholar
• Ries, B., and M. Wagner. 2020. “Universities Begin Considering the Possibility of Canceling in-Person Classes Until 2021.” CNN. Accessed June 15th. https:www.cnn.com/2020/04/14/university-may-cancel-classes-fall-2021-trnd/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, A. D., and A. Goldstein. 2020. “What Does COVID-19 Distract Us from? A Migration Studies Perspective on the Inequities of Attention.” Social Anthropology 28 (2): 257--259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samers, M. 2003. “Immigration and the Spectre of Hobbes: Some Comments for the Quixotic Dr Bauder.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 2 (2): 210–217.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S. 1988. The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flows. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scorgie-Porter, L. 2015. “State Borders in Africa.” In Introduction to Border Studies, edited by S. V. Sevastianov, J. Laine, and A. A. Kireev, 290–298. Vladivostok: Dalnouka.
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta, A. 2020. “Impact of COVID-19 on Global Supply Chains and Opportunities in the Post-COVID World.” Entrepreneur. Accessed June 15th. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/349229.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, Department of Global Communications. 2020. “COVID-19: UNN Counters Pandemic-Related Hate and Xenophobia.” United Nations. Accessed May 23rd. https://web.archive.org/web/20200523185816/https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/covid-19-un-counters-pandemic-related-hate-and-xenophobia.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations News. 2020a. “Migrants Stranded All Over the World and at Risk from Coronavirus.” Accessed May 23rd. www.news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063482.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations News. 2020b. “UNN launches COVID-19 Plan that Could Defeat the Virus and Build a Better World.” Accessed June 15th. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1060702.
   Google Scholar
• Voice of America. 2020. “Burundi expels WHO Officials.” Accessed June 15th. https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/burundi-expels-who-officials.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, L., and S. Pickering. 2014. Globalisation and Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Yayboke, E. 2020. “Five Ways COVID-19 Is Changing Global Migration.” Center for Strategic & International Studies. Accessed May 23rd. https://www.csis.org/analysis/five-ways-covid-19-changing-global-migration.
   Google Scholar