Internet Addiction Disorder: Internet Gaming Disorder in a Nonclinical Sample Of Moba And Mmorpg Videoplayers

REFERENCES

• Adès, J., & Lejoyeux, M. (2001). Even more!: Play, sex, work, money. France: Odile Jacob.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. [Edizione italiana: Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi mentali. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 23–32. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartle, R. A. (2004). Designing virtual worlds. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
   Google Scholar
• Billieux, J., Deleuze, J., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2015). Internet gaming addiction: The case of massively multiplayer online role-playing games. In Textbook of addiction treatment: International perspectives (pp. 1515–1525). Milano, Italy: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Billieux, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2012). Problematic use of the internet and self-regulation: A review of the initial studies. The Open Addiction Journal, 5, 24–29.
   Google Scholar
• Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Heeren, A. (2015). Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(3), 119–123. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., Achab, S., & Van der Linden, M. (2015). Problematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 242–250. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, V. (1997). Psychology of computer use: XLVII. Parameters of internet use, abuse and addiction: The first 90 days of the internet usage survey. Psychological Reports, 80(3), 879–882. doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantelmi, T., Del Miglio, C., Talli, M., & D’Andrea, A. (2000). Internetrelated psychopathology: First experimental data, clinical aspects and critical notes. Italian Journal of Psychopathology, 6, 40–51.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, S., Williams, D., & Yee, N. (2009). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(6), 1312–1319. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonell, X., Guardiola, E., Beranuy, M., & Belles, A. (2009). A bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Internet, video games, and cell phone addiction. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 97(2), 102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caretti, V. (2000). Psicodinamica della trance dissociativa da videoterminal. In T. Cantelmi, C. Del Miglio, M. Talli, A. D’Andrea (Eds.). The mind on the internet. Psychopathology of online pipelines. Padua, Italy: Piccin.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., & Ciulla, S. (2012). Trauma, dissociation, dysregulation, dependence. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2, 101–119.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., & La Barbera, D. (2005a). Alexithymia. Evaluation and treatment. Rome, Italy: Astrolabio.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., & La Barbera, D. (2005b). Pathological addictions: Clinic and psychopathology. Milan, Italy: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., & La Barbera, D. (2009). New dependencies: Diagnosis and clinic. Rome, Italy: Carocci.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., & La Barbera, D. (2010). Addiction. Biological and research aspects. Milan, Italy: Raffaello Cortina.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., Craparo, G., Ragonese, N., & Schimmenti, A. (2005). Affective dysregulation, trauma and dissociation in a non-clinical group of adolescents. An evolutionary perspective. Childhood and Adolescence, 4(3), 170–178.
   Google Scholar
• Caretti, V., Craparo, G., Schimmenti, A., & Ciulla, S. (2012)., Trauma and violent behavior. Dissociation and anger as the etiopathogenetic dimensions of impulsiveness of traumatic origin: A clinical-empirical model of the personality of a psychopath. In L Janiri (Eds.), The point of no return. Rome, Italy: Fioriti.
   Google Scholar
• Castronova, E. (2008). Synthetic worlds: The business and culture of online games. Chicago: University of Chicago press.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, J. P., & Danforth, I. D. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1531–1548. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, S. I., Lee, J. Z., & Huang, D. H. (2004). Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(5), 571–581. doi:10.1089/cpb.2004.7.571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou, C., & Hsiao, M. C. (2000). Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: The Taiwan college students’ case. Computers & Education, 35(1), 65–80. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(00)00019-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, N., & Scott, P. S. (2009). Game addiction: The experience and the effects. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc..
   Google Scholar
• Collins, E., Freeman, J., & Chamarro-Premuzic, T. (2012). Personality traits associated with problematic and non-problematic massively multiplayer online role playing game use. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 133–138. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauriat, F. Z., Zermatten, A., Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Bondolfi, G., Zullino, D., & Khazaal, Y. (2011). Motivations to play specifically predict excessive involvement in massively multiplayer online role-playing games: Evidence from an online survey. European Addiction Research, 17(4), 185–189. doi:10.1159/000326070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delfabbro, P., King, D., Lambos, C., & Puglies, S. (2009). Is video-game playing a risk factor for pathological gambling in Australian adolescents? Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(3), 391–405. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9138-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M. (2015). Mobile messaging and social media. Pew Research Center, 19, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. New York: W. W.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, G., Irving, H., Adlaf, E. M., & Turner, N. (2015). Subtypes of adolescent video gamers: A latent class analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9501-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Problematic computer game use among adolescents, younger and older adults. Addiction, 108(3), 592–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Borroni, S., & Maffei, C. (2013). Reliability and validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) predicting DSM-IV personality disorders and psychopathy in community-dwelling Italian adults. Assessment, 20(6), 689–708. doi:10.1177/1073191113504984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S. M., Delfabbro, P., King, D. L., & Hing, N. (2016). An exploratory study of gambling operators’ use of social media and the latent messages conveyed. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(1), 125–141. doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9525-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainsbury M., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of gambling and casino games via social media and online technologies. International Gambling Studies, 14(2), 196–213. doi:10.1080/14459795.2014.890634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainsbury, S. M., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P., Dewar, G., & King, D. L. (2015). An exploratory study of interrelationships between social casino gaming, gambling, and problem gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13(1), 136–153. doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9526-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), e319–e329. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66. doi:10.1037/a0034857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 36(5), 233–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D. (1999). Internet addiction: Internet fuels other addictions. Student British Medical Journal, 7(1), 428–429.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Gambling addiction on the Internet. In K. Young & C. Nabuco de Abreu (Eds.), Internet addiction: A handbook for evaluation and treatment, (pp. 91–111). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Haagsma, M. C., Pieterse, M. E., & Peters, O. (2012). The prevalence of problematic video gamers in the Netherlands. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(3), 162–168. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacolino, C., Lombardo, E. M. C., Micieli, S., Cervellione, B., & Mannino, G. (2018, September 19). Internet addiction. The case of the MOBA and MORPG gamers. Paper presented at Proceedings of the XV National Congress of the Section of Social Psychology AIP, Bari.
   Google Scholar
• Jentsch, J. D., Ashenhurst, J. R., Cervantes, M. C., James, A. S., Groman, S. M., & Pennington, Z. T. (2014). Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1327, 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, E. J., & Kim, D. H. (2011). Social activities, self-efficacy, game attitudes, and game addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(4), 213–221. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23(3), 212–218. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., Billieux, J., & Brand, M. (2018a). Internet gaming disorder should qualify as a mental disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(7), 615–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D., & Delfabbro, P. (2018b). Internet gaming disorder: Theory, assessment, prevention, and treatment. Cambridge: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• King, D. L., Gainsbury, S. M., Delfabbro, P. H., Hing, N., & Abarbanel, B. (2015). Distinguishing between gaming and gambling activities in addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 215–220. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. L., Haagsma, M. C., Delfabbro, P. H., Gradisar, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: A systematic review of psychometric assessment tools. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 331–342. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D., Delfabbro, P., & Griffiths, M. (2010). Video game structural characteristics: A new psychological taxonomy. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8(1), 90–106. doi:10.1007/s11469-009-9206-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, C.-H., Liu, G.-C., Hsiao, S., Yen, J.-Y., Yang, M.-J., Lin, W.-C., … Chen, C.-S. (2009). Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(7), 739–747. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278–296. doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014). Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current pharmaceutical design, 20(25), 4026–4052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Online gaming addiction? Motives predict addictive play behavior in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 480–485. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y., Lee, H. K., & Choo, H. (2017). Typology of I nternet gaming disorder and its clinical implications. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 479–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., Macgill, A. R., Evans, C., & Vitak, J. (2008). Teens, Video Games, and Civics: Teens' Gaming Experiences Are Diverse and Include Significant Social Interaction and Civic Engagement. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American life project.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, S. K., Wang, C. C., & Fang, W. (2005). Physical interpersonal relationships and social anxiety among online game players. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(1), 15–20. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubman, D. I., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2004). Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. Addiction, 99(12), 1491–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino, G., Montefiori, V., Faraci, E., Pillitteri, R., Iacolino, C., Pellerone, M., & Giunta, S. (2017). Subjective perception of time: Research applied on dynamic psychology. World Futures, 73(4–5), 285–302. doi:10.1080/02604027.2017.1333850
   Google Scholar
• McDougall, J. (1991). Sexual identity, trauma, and creativity. Psychoanalytic inquiry, 11(4), 559–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: The role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 313–316. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara, S., & Higuchi, S. (2017). Cross‐sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies of I nternet gaming disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 425–444. doi:10.1111/pcn.12532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, K. W., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Woelfling, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2014). Prevalence of internet addiction in the general population: Results from a German population-based survey. Behaviour & Information Technology, 33(7), 757–766. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2013.810778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, K. W., Janikian, M., Dreier, M., Wölfling, K., Beutel, M. E., Tzavara, C., … Tsitsika, A. (2015). Regular gaming behavior and Internet gaming disorder in European adolescents: Results from a cross-national representative survey of prevalence, predictors, and psychopathological correlates. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(5), 565–574. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0611-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagygyörgy, K., Urbán, R., Farkas, J., Griffiths, M. D., Zilahy, D., Kökönyei, G., … Demetrovics, Z. (2013). Typology and sociodemographic characteristics of massively multiplayer online game players. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 29(3), 192–200. doi:10.1080/10447318.2012.702636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naskar, S., Victor, R., Nath, K., & Sengupta, C. (2016). One level more:” A narrative review on Internet gaming disorder. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(2), 145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng, B. D., & Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the Internet and online gaming. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8(2), 110–113. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuyens, F., Deleuze, J., Maurage, P., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Billieux, J. (2016). Impulsivity in multiplayer online battle arena gamers: Preliminary results on experimental and self-report measures. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 351–356. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. K., Kim, J. Y., & Cho, C. B. (2008). Prevalence of Internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence, 43(172), 895–909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 51(6), 768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peever, N., Johnson, D., & Gardner, J. (2012, July). Personality & video game genre preferences. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 8th australasian conference on interactive entertainment: Playing the system (p. 20). Auckland, New Zealand: ACM. SBN: 978-1-4503-1410-7.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, G., Starcevic, V., Berle, D., & Fenech, P. (2010). Recognizing problem video game use. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(2), 120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehbein, F., Kliem, S., Baier, D., Mößle, T., & Petry, N. M. (2015). Prevalence of Internet gaming disorder in German adolescents: Diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM‐5 criteria in a state‐wide representative sample. Addiction, 110(5), 842–851. doi:10.1111/add.12849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 344–360. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salen, K., Tekinbaş, K. S., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. Cambridge MA: MIT Press Visual Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Santovecchi, P., & Furnò, G. (2014). Internet Addiction Disorder e giochi di ruolo online. Profiling. I Profili Dell’abuso, 5(3).
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S. (2007). Electronic game addiction? Part 3 of 4: Interview with Shavaun Scott psychoterapist. Retrieved from November 29, 2018, http://www.youtube.com/watchv=QoDLN6gGd_g&list=PL9ECB0D59EF3A2C5
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, J. (1993). I rifugi della mente: Organizzazioni patologiche della personalità nei pazienti psicotici, nevrotici e borderline. Torino, Italy: Bollati Boringhieri.
   Google Scholar
• Steinkuehler, C. A., & Williams, D. (2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “third places. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(4), 885–909. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00300.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdejo-García, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 777–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2004). The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology, 47, 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, C. S., & Chiou, W. B. (2006). Psychological motives and online games addiction: Atest of flow theory and humanistic needs theory for Taiwanese adolescents. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(3), 317–324. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.317
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, D., Yee, N., & Caplan, S. E. (2008). Who plays, how much, and why? Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(4), 993–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00428.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, R. J., Volberg, R. A., & Stevens, R. M. (2012). The population prevalence of problem gambling: Methodological influences, standardized rates, jurisdictional differences, and worldwide trends. Canada: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• World of Warcraft. (2004). Disponibile da November, 28, 2018. https://www.blizzard.com/it-it/games/wow/?locale=it-it&
   Google Scholar
• Yee, N. (2006). Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology &Amp; Behavior : The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 9(6), 772–775. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. S. (1998a). Caught in the net. New York: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. S. (1998b). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation and treatment. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17, 19–31.
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. S. (2000). Caught in the net. Bologna, Italy: Calderoni ed Agricole.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z., Zhu, H., Li, C., & Wang, J. (2014). Internet addictive individuals share impulsivity and executive dysfunction with alcohol-dependent patients. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 288. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar