Towards typologies of virtual maltreatment: sport, digital cultures & dark leisure

References

• Arora, P. (2011). Online social sites as virtual parks: An investigation into leisure online and offline. The Information Society, 27, 113–120.10.1080/01972243.2011.548702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awan, I., & Brakemore, B. (2011). Policing cyber hate, cyber threats and cyber terrorism. Farnham: Ashgate. ebook.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, J. P. (1990). Crime and puzzlement: In advance of the law on the electronic frontier. Whole Earth Review [ online]. Retrieved January 2015, from https://w2.eff.org/Misc/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/crime_and_puzzlement_1.html
   Google Scholar
• BBC Sport. (2012). Mark Halsey complains to police after Twitter abuse. BBC Sport [ online]. September 24. Retrieved September 2014, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19703504
   Google Scholar
• Berriman, L., & Thomson, R. (2015). Spectacles of intimacy? Mapping the moral landscape of teenage social media. Journal of Youth Studies, 18, 583–597.10.1080/13676261.2014.992323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezants, J. (2015). AstonVilla midfielder Jack Grealish receives vile Twitter abuse after choosing to play for England over Ireland. The Daily Mail [ online]. September 28. Retrieved September 2015, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3252028/Aston-Villa-midfielder-Jack-Grealish-chooses-represent-England-Ireland-international-level.html
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. (2013). The art of trolling law enforcement: A review and model for implementing ‘flame trolling’ legislation enacted in Great Britain (1981–2012). International Review of Law, Computers & Technolohy, 27, 301–318.
   Google Scholar
• Blakemore, B. (2012). Cyberspace, cyber crime and cyber terrorism. In B. Blakemore & A. Imran (Eds.), Policing cyber hate, cyber threats and cyber terrorism (pp. 5–20). London: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Bryce, J. (2001). The technological transformation of leisure. Social Science Computer Review, 79, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Boehmer, J. (2015) Does the game really change? How students consume mediated sports in the age of social media. Communication & Sport. Published online before print. doi: 10.1177/2167479515595500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, M. (2014). Virtual reality representations in contemporary media. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Chawansky, M. (2016). Be who you are and be proud: Brittney Griner, intersectional invisibility and digital possibilities for lesbian sporting celebrity. Leisure Studies [ online]. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2015.1128476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, A. (2015). The troll hunters. Technology Review, 118, 51–57. Add.
   Google Scholar
• Clavio, G., & Kian, T. (2010). Uses and gratifications of a retired female athlete’s Twitter followers’. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 485–500.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, D., LaPorte, J., & Seawright, J. (2012). Putting typologies to work: Concept, formation, measurement and analytic rigour. Political Research Quarterly, 65, 217–232.10.1177/1065912912437162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, N., Hall, L., Kilvington, D., Price, J., & Saeed, A. (2015). Sport, racism and social media. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Kjølberg, G. (2013). Using court reports to enhance knowledge of sexual abuse in sport. Scandinavian Sports Studies Forum, 4, 49–67.
   Google Scholar
• Fasting, K., Chroni, S., Hervik, S. E., & Knorre, N. (2011). Sexual harassment in sport towards females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46, 76–89.10.1177/1012690210376295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, E. (2015). Manipulation and abuse on social media. Computer Science Social and Information Networks Position Paper [ online]. May 11, 2015. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03752
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1998). Different spaces. In J. Faubion (Ed.), Aesthetics: The essential works, 2 (pp. 175–185). London: Allen Lane.
   Google Scholar
• Guan, S. A., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2009). Youth Internet use: Risks and opportunities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22, 351–356.10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832bd7e0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrick, M. (2012). Six degrees of information: Using social network analysis to explore the spread of information within sport social networks. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5, 16–34.
   Google Scholar
• Hambrick, M., Simmons, J., Greenhalgh, G., & Greenwell, C. (2010). Understanding professional athletes’ use of Twitter: A content analysis of athlete tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 454–471.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, R., Rohm, A., & Crittenden, V. (2011). We’re all connected: The power of social media ecosystems. Business Horizons, 54, 265–273
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M. (2011). Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Boston, MA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hartill, M. (2009). The sexual abuse of boys in organized male sports. Men and Masculinities, 12, 225–249.10.1177/1097184X07313361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring, S. C., Job-Sluder, K., Scheckler, R., & Barab, S. (2002). Searching for safety online: Managing ‘Trolling’ in a feminist forum. The Information Society, 18, 371–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenbaugh, E. E., & Everett, M. K. (2013). The effects of anonymity on self-disclosure in blogs: An application of the online disinhibition effect. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 18, 283–302.10.1111/jcc4.2013.18.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunton, P. (2012). Data attack of the cybercriminal: Investigating the digital currency of cybercrime. Computer Law & Security Review, 28, 201–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins, B., & Rowe, D. (2013). Digital media sport. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Interlive Stats. (2015). Internet users in the world. Retrived November 21, from http://www.internetlivestats.com
   Google Scholar
• James, A., & James A. L. (2008). Changing childhood in the UK: Reconstructing discourses of ‘risk’ and ‘protection’. In A. James & A. L. James (Eds.), European childhoods: Cultures, politics and childhoods in Europe (pp. 105–128). New York, NY: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230582095
   Google Scholar
• Jane, E. (2014). You’re a ugly, whorish, slut. Feminist Media Studies, 14, 531–546.10.1080/14680777.2012.741073
   Google Scholar
• Janta, H., Lugosi, P., & Brown, L. (2014). Coping with loneliness: A netnographic study of doctoral students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38, 553–571.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2009). The fairyland of second Life: Virtual social worlds and how to use them. Business Horizons, 52, 563–572.10.1016/j.bushor.2009.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, E. J. (2014). The dark side of sport: Athlete narratives of maltreatment in high performance environments (Thesis unpublished PhD). Bournemouth University, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, E. J., & Jones, I. (in press). Understanding cyber-enabled abuse in sport. In D. McGillvray, G. McPherson, & S. Carnicelli (Eds.), Digital leisure cultures: Critical perspectives. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, G. (2010). Physical and emotional abuse of elite child athletes: The case of forced physical exertion. In C. Brackenridge & D. Rhind (Eds.), Elite child athlete welfare: International perspectives (pp. 41–50). London: Brunel University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kick It Out. (2015). Kick it out unveils findings of research into football-related hate crime on social media. Kick it Out [ online]. April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 2015, from http://www.kickitout.org/news/kick-it-out-unveils-findings-of-research-into-football-related-hate-crime-on-social-media/#.VxkpRIQUZ0u
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53 ( supplement), S13–S20.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. (2010). Netnography, doing ethnographic research online. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• López Sintas, J., Rojas de Francisco, L., & Garcia Álvarez, E. (2015). The nature of leisure revisited: An interpretation of digital leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 47, 79–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton, D. (2015). Digital Sociology. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marwick, A., & Boyd, D. (2011). To see and be seen: Celebrity practice on Twitter. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 17, 139–158.10.1177/1354856510394539
   Google Scholar
• Matijasevic, J. (2014). The significance and modalities of internet abuse as the primary global communication computer networks in cyberspace. Megatrend Review, 11, 279–298.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. (2015) Internet users 2015. ONS [ online]. May 22, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015, from http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/internet-access–households-and-individuals/2014/stb-ia-2014.html
   Google Scholar
• Owens, N. (2015). Being a gay referee has been tough, but coming out was like being born again. The Independent [ online]. March 30, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015, from http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/referee-nigel-owens-on-coming-out-and-homophobic-twitter-abuse-im-gay-in-a-macho-world-but-i-wont-10144815.html
   Google Scholar
• Parent, S. (2011). Disclosure of sexual abuse in sport organizations: A case study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 20, 322–337.10.1080/10538712.2011.573459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry, K. D., Kavanagh, E., & Jones, I. (2015) Adoration and abuse: The impact of virtual maltreatment on athletes. The Conversation [ online]. December 14, 2015. Retrived from www.theconversation.com
   Google Scholar
• Pegararo, A. (2010). Look who’s talking? – Athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 501–515.
   Google Scholar
• Price, J., Farrington, N., & Hall, L. (2013). Changing the game? The impact of Twitter on relationships between football clubs, supporters and the sports media. Soccer & Society, 14, 446–461.
   Google Scholar
• Rhind, D., McDermott, J., Lambert, E., & Koleva, I. (2014). A review of safeguarding cases in sport. Child Abuse Review, 6, 418–426.
   Google Scholar
• Rojek, C. (1995). Decentring leisure. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rojek, C. (2000). Leisure and culture. London: Macmillan.10.1057/9780230287563
   Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing & Health, 23, 334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J. (2011). To tweet or not to tweet: Exploring division 1 athletic departments’ social-media policies. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4, 492–513.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J. (2016). Its all your fault: Identity and fan messaging at the intersection of fantasy sport and social media. In N. Bowman, J. Spinda, & J. Sandserson (Eds.), Fantasy sports and the changing sports media industry: Media, players, and society (pp. 197–214). Lanham, MD: Lexington.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J., & Kassing, J. W. (2011) Tweets and blogs: Transformative, adversarial, and integrative developments in sports media. In A. C. Billings (Ed.), Sports media: Transformation, integration, consumption (pp. 114–127). New York, NY: Idea Group Global.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J., & Truax, C. (2014). “I hate you man!”: Exploring maladaptive parasocial interaction expressions to college athletes via Twitter. Journal of Issue in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 333–351.
   Google Scholar
• Slonje, R., & Smith, P. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spracklen, K. (2013). Leisure, sport and society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, A., Alexander, K., & Fry, D. (2013). Playing through pain: Children and young people’s experiences of physical aggression and violence in sport. Child Abuse Review, 22, 287–299.10.1002/car.2289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E. (2009). Definitions and constituents of maltreatment in sport: Establishing a conceptual framework for research practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 1091–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A., & Kerr, G. (2009). Abused athletes’ perceptions of the coach athlete relationship. Sport in Society, 12, 227–239.10.1080/17430430802591019
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E. (2013). Understanding the use of emotionally abusive coaching practices. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 8, 625–640.10.1260/1747-9541.8.4.625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2013). The perceived effects of elite athletes’ experiences of emotional abuse in the coach-athlete relationship. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 87–100.10.1080/1612197X.2013.752173
   Google Scholar
• Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, 7, 321–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suler, J. (2005). The basic psychological features of cyberspace. Elements of a cyber-psychology model. The Psychology of Cyberspace [ online]. Retrieved January 14, 2016, from http://users.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/overview.html
   Google Scholar
• Suler, J., & Phillips, W. (1998). The bad boys of cyberspace: Deviant behavior in a multimedia chat community. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1, 275–294.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1992). Blazing the trail. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twitter. (2013). Murray wins Wimbledon. Twitter.com [ online]. Retrieved August 20, 2013, from http://blog.uk.twitter.com/2013/07/murray-wins-wimbledon.html
   Google Scholar
• Vakhitova, Z. I., & Reynald, D. M. (2014). Australian Internet users and guardianship against cyber abuse: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8, 156–171.
   Google Scholar
• Willard, N. (2007). Cybersafe kids, cyber-savvy kids: Helping young people learn to use the internet safely and responsibly. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Zajc, M. (2015). Social media, prosumption, and dispositives: New mechanisms of the construction of subjectivity. Journal of Consumer Culture, 15, 28–47.10.1177/1469540513493201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar