References
- American Psychological Association (2020). Stress in America. (2020). Stress in the time of COVID-19. American Psycholoigcal Association. Retrieved January 22, 2021, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/report
- Anderson, S. (2020). COVID-19 and leisure in the United States. World Leisure Journal, 62(2), 352–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825259
- Balasubramanian, A., Paleri, V., Bennett, R., & Paleri, V. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of surgeons and coping strategies. Head Neck, 42(7), 1638–1644. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26291
- Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416
- Bentlage, E., Ammar, A., How, D., Ahmed, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., & Brach, M. (2020). Practical recommendations for maintaining active lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176265
- Bhatt, N. (2020, June 25). Parks and recreation in a pos-pandemic world. Parks and Recreation. https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2020/july/parks-and-recreation-in-a-post-pandemic-world/
- Blanck, H. M., Allen, D., Bashir, Z., Gordon, N., Goodman, A., Merriam, D., & Rutt, C. (2012). Let’s go to the park today: The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public’s health. Childhood Obesity, 8(5), 423–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2012.0085.blan
- Boals, A., & Schuler, K. L. (2018). Reducing reports of illusory posttraumatic growth: A revised version of the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS-R). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 190–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000267
- Caltabiano, M. L. (1994). Measuring the similarity among leisure activities based on a perceived stress-reduction benefit. Leisure Studies, 13(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02614369400390021
- Chen, I. S. (2020). Turning home boredom during the outbreak of COVID-19 into thriving at home and career self-management: The role of online leisure crafting. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(11), 3645–3663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-0580
- Chun, S., & Lee, C. (2010). The role of leisure in the experience of posttraumatic growth for people with spinal cord injury. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(3), 393–415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2010.11950211
- Chun, S., Lee, Y., Kim, B., & Heo, J. (2012). The contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to stress-related growth. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 436–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.714704
- Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Racine, N., & Madigan, S. (2020). Prevalence of posttraumatic and general psychological stress during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113347
- Cordova, M. L., Cunningham, L. L. C., Carlson, C. R., & Andrykowski, M. A. (2001). Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled compasrison study. Health Psychology, 20(3), 176–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.20.3.176
- Gan, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2004). Flexible coping responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome‐related and daily life stressful events. Asian Journal Od Social Psychology, 7(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00134.x
- Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1996). Coping, stress resistance, and growth: Conceptualizing adaptive functioning. In M. Zeidner & N. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping (pp. 24–43). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Holman, E. A., Thompson, R. R., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2020). The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based, nationally representative study of mental health in the U.S. Science Advances, 6(42), 42. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd5390
- Hutchinson, S. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (2005). Gifts of the ordinary: Casual leisure’s contributions to health and well-being. World Leisure Journal, 47(3), 2–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2005.9674401
- Infurna, F. J., & Jayawickreme, E. (2019). Fixing the growth illusion: New directions for research in resilience and posttraumatic growth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419827017
- Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Allen, J. R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Res Q Exerc Sport, 53(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1982.10605240
- Iwasaki, Y. (2006). Counteracting stress through leisure coping: A prospective health study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500155941
- Iwasaki, Y., Coyle, C. P., & Shank, J. W. (2010). Leisure as a context for active living, recovery, health and life quality for persons with mental illness in a global context. Health Promotion International, 25(4), 483–494. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daq037
- Iwasaki, Y., Mackay, K. J., Mactavish, J. B., Ristock, J., & Bartlett, J. (2006). Voices from the margins: Stress, active living, and leisure as a contributor to coping with stress. Leisure Sciences, 28(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500484065
- Iwasaki, Y., Mannell, R. C., Smale, B. J., & Butcher, J. (2005). Contributions of leisure participation in predicting stress coping and health among police and emergency response services workers. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305048557
- Iwasaki, Y., & Schneider, I. E. (2003). Leisure, stress, and coping. An Evolving Area of Inquiry Leisure Sciences, 25(2–3), 107–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400306567
- Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513182
- Kabanoff, B. (1982). Occupational and sex differences in leisure needs and leisure satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 3(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030030304
- Kabanoff, B., & O’Brien, G. E. (1986). Stress and the leisure needs and activities of different occupations. Human Relations, 39(10), 903–916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603901002
- Kesimci, A., Göral, F. S., & Gençöz., T. (2005). Determinants of stress-related growth: Gender, stressfulness of the event, and coping strategies. Current Psychology, 24(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-005-1005-x
- Kim, J., & Kim, J. H. (2014). A facilitator of leisure activities for stress-related growth experience among middle-aged Korean women with depression. Health Care for Women International, 35(11–12), 1245–1266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.946508
- Kim, Y. J., & Cho, J. H. (2020). Correlation between preventive health behaviors and psycho-social health based on the leisure activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 Crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 4066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114066
- Kimball, A., & Freysinger, V. J. (2003). Leisure, stress, and coping: The sport participation of collegiate student-athletes. Leisure Sciences, 25(2/3), 115–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400390211790
- Kleiber, D. A., Hutchinson, S. L., & Williams, R. (2002). Leisure as a resource in transcending negative life events: Self-protection, self-restoration, and personal transformation. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400252900167
- Kleiber, D. A., Walker, G. J., & Mannell, R. C. (2011). A social psychology of leisure. Venture Publishing Inc.
- Lachance, E. L. (2020). COVID-19 and its impact on volunteering: Moving towards virtual volunteering. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 104-110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773990
- Lee, C. Y. S., & Goldstein, S. E. (2016). Loneliness, stress, and social support in young adulthood: Does the source of support matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 568–580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9
- Lesser, I. A., & Nienhuis, C. P. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113899
- Linley, A., & Joseoh, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e
- Liu, H. L., Mehlaf, J. L., & Gray, J. (2019). Public Perception of Parks and Recreation. Journal of Recreation, Parks, and Tourism in Public Health, 3(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2979/rptph.3.1.03
- López-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Andersen, L. L., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Casaña, J., Casajús, J. A., Smith, L., & López-Sánchez, G. F. (2020). Immediate impact of the COVID-19 confinement on physical activity levels in Spanish adults. Sustainability, 12(14), 14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145708
- Main, A., Zhou, Q., Ma, Y., Luecken, L. J., & Liu, X. (2011). Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students’ psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 410–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023632
- Moore, S. A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L. J., Mitra, R., O’Reilly, N., Spence, J. C., Vanderloo, L. M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 17(1), 85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
- Nagase, Y., Uchiyama, M., Kaneita, Y., Li, L., Kaji, T., Takahashi, S., Konno, M., Mishima, K., Nishikawa, T., & Ohida, T. (2009). Coping strategies and their correlates with depression in the Japanese general population. Psychiatry Research, 168(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.024
- Park, A. L., Velez, C. V., Kannan, K., & Chorpita, B. F. (2020). Stress, functioning, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Behavior Therapist, 42(6), 210–216. https://psyarxiv.com/jmctv?trk=organization-update_share-update_update-text
- Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00815.x
- Patterson, I., & Coleman, D. (2000). The impact of stress on different leisure dimensions. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 215(3–4), 2403–2623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2000.9649918
- Peng, E. Y.-C., Lee, M.-B., Tsai, S.-T., Yang, -C.-C., Morisky, D. E., Tsai, L.-T., Weng, Y.-L., & Lyu, S.-Y. (2010). Population-based post-crisis psychological distress: An example from the SARS outbreak in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 109(7), 524–532. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60087-3
- Pu, B., Zhang, L., Tang, Z., & Qiu, Y. (2020). The relationship between health consciousness and home-based exercise in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165693
- Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Interrelationships among leisure participation leisure satisfaction and leisure attitudes. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(2), 138–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969433
- Recreation, N., & Association, P. (2020, March 12). COVID-19 in parks and recreation: Supporting community health and well-being during an outbreak. Parks and Recreation. https://www.nrpa.org/blog/covid-19-in-parks-and-recreation-supporting-community-health-and-wellbeing-during-an-outbreak/
- Rice, W. L., Meyer, C., Lawhon, B., Taff, B. D., Mateer, T., Reigner, N., & Newman, P. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way people recreate outdoors: Preliminary report on anational survey of outdoor enthusiasts amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Socarxiv https://lnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID_OR_phase-II_final.pdf
- Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Vos, F., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2013). Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: Are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal? Environmental Health, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-115
- Rodriguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540
- Schuster, R., Hammitt, W. E., & Moore, D. (2006). Stress appraisal and coping response to hassles experienced in outdoor recreation settings. Leisure Sciences, 28(2), 97–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400500483919
- Shin, K., & You, S. (2013). Leisure type, leisure satisfaction and adolescents’ psychological well-being. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 7(2), 53–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2013.6
- Sivan, A. (2020). Reflection on leisure during COVID-19. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 296–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825260
- Son, J. S., Nimrod, G., West, S. T., Janke, M. C., Liechty, T., & Naar, J. J. (2020). Promoting older adults’ physical activity and social well-being during COVID-19. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 287-294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774015
- Stodolska, M., Lee, K. J., Hwang, S., Son, H., & Lee, Y. (2020). # QuarantineChallenge2k20: Leisure in the time of the pandemic. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 232-239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774007
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Injuiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
- The Trust for Public Land (2020). Pakrs and the pandemic. Retrieved January 22, 2021, from https://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/Parks%20and%20Pandemic%20-%20TPL%20special%20report.pdf
- Updegraff, J. A., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Wyatt, G. E. (2002). Positive and negative effects of HIV infection in women with low socioeconomic resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 382–394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286009
- van Leeuwen, M., Klerks, Y., Bargeman, B., Heslinga, J., & Bastiaansen, M. (2020). Leisure will not be locked down – Insights on leisure and COVID-19 from the Netherlands. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 339–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825255
- Vaske, J. J. (2019). Survey research and analysis. Sagamore–Venture.
- Vaughn, A. A., Roesch, S. C., & Aldridge, A. A. (2009). Stress-related growth in racial/ethnic minority adolescents: Measurment structure and validity. Educational and Psychologcial Measurement, 69(1), 131–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164408318775
- Venter, Z. S., Barton, D. N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H., & Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environmental Research Letters, 15(10), 10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb396
- Wijndaele, K., Matton, L., Duvigneaud, N., Lefevre, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Duquet, W., Thomis, M., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). Association between leisure time physical activity and stress, social support and coping: A cluster-analytical approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 425–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.08.001
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard: United States. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/us/
- Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID-19-related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12(4), 1074–1094. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12211
- Zenic, N., Taiar, R., Gilic, B., Blazevic, M., Maric, D., Pojskic, H., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Levels and changes of physical activity in adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Contextualizing Urban Vs. Rural Living Environment. Applied Sciences, 10(11), 3997. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113997