Meteorological and hydrological drought assessment in Lake Malawi and Shire River basins (1970–2013)

References

• Babu, S.C. and Chapasuka, E., 1997. Mitigating the effects of drought through food security and nutrition monitoring: lessons from Malawi. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 18 (1), 71–81. doi:10.1177/156482659701800106
   Google Scholar
• Bootsma, H.A. and Jorgensen, S.E., 2005. Lake Basin management initiative: experience and lessons learned briefs (on CD). Kusatsu, Japan: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Lake Malawi: Experience and Lessons Learned Brief, 259–276.
   Google Scholar
• Calder, I.R., et al., 1995. The impact of land use change on water resources in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study of Lake Malawi. Journal of Hydrology, 170 (1–4), 123–135. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(94)02679-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calow, R.C., et al., 1997. Groundwater management in drought-prone areas of Africa. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 13 (2), 241–262. doi:10.1080/07900629749863
   Google Scholar
• Climate and Development Knowledge Network, 2017. Future climate for Africa-country climate projections for Malawi. Available from: http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2772_Malawi_Annex.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dayal, K.S., Deo, R.C., and Apan, A.A., 2018. Investigating drought duration-severity-intensity characteristics using the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index: case studies in drought-prone Southeast Queensland. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 23 (1), 05017029. ISSN 1084-0699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning, G., et al., 2009. Input subsidies to improve smallholder maize productivity in Malawi: toward an African green revolution. PLoS Biology, 7 (1), e1000023. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drayton, R.S., 1979. A study of the causes of the abnormally high levels of Lake Malawi in 1979. Malawi, Water Resources Division (WRD-No. TP.5), 46.
   Google Scholar
• Drayton, R.S., 1984. Variations in the level of Lake Malawi. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 29, 1–10. doi:10.1080/02626668409490918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duponchelle, F. and Ribbink, A.J., 2000. Fish Ecology report: Lake Malawi.
   Google Scholar
• ESCOM, no date. The effect of the current rainfall on water levels and electricity supply (generation). Available from: http://www.escom.mw/rainfall-effect-waterlevels.php [ Accessed 22 March 2017].
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, M., et al., 2015. Drought tolerant maize for farmer adaptation to drought in sub-Saharan Africa: determinants of adoption in eastern and southern Africa. Climatic Change, 133 (2), 283–299. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1459-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOM, 2010. Malawi electricity investment plan. Lilongwe, Malawi: Department of Energy Affairs, Lilongwe.
   Google Scholar
• Helsel, B.D. and Hirsch, R.M., 2002. Statistical methods in water resourcestechniques of water resources investigations. U.S. Geological Survey. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/twri/twri4a3/.
   Google Scholar
• Helsel, D.R. and Frans, L.M., 2006. Regional Kendall test for trend. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (13), 4066–4073. doi:10.1021/es051650b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, S.T. and Fisher, M., 2015. Subsidies promote use of drought tolerant maize varieties despite variable yield performance under smallholder environments in Malawi. Food Security, 7 (6), 1225–1238. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0511-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury, M.R., 2014. Malawi’s shire river fluctuations and climate. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 15 (5), 2039–2049. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-13-0195.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jury, M.R. and Gwazantini, M.E., 2002. Climate variability in Malawi, part 2: sensitivity and prediction of lake levels. International Journal of Climatology, 22 (11), 1303–1312. doi:10.1002/joc.772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, M.G., 1975. Rank correlation methods. London: Charles Griffin.
   Google Scholar
• Kidd, C.H., 1983. A water resources evaluation of Lake Malawi and the Shire river. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Libiseller, C. and Grimvall, A., 2002. Performance of partial Mann-Kendall tests for trend detection in the presence of covariates. Environmetrics, 13 (1), 71–84. doi:10.1002/env.507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoka, D., 2008. The impact of drought on household vulnerability: the case of rural Malawi. Available from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15399/.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, H.B., 1945. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13, 245–259. doi:10.2307/1907187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J., 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: Proceedings of the ninth conference on applied climatology. Boston: American Metereological Society, 179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Menon, R., 2007. Famine in Malawi: causes and consequences. UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/menon_roshni_2007a_malawi.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Milleniun Challenge Corporation, 2015. Star Report Malawi. Washington, DC. Available from: https://www.mcc.gov/resources/pub-full/star-report-malawi [Accessed 7 August 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, A.K. and Singh, V.P., 2010. A review of drought concepts. Journal of Hydrology, Elsevier B.V., 391 (1–2), 202–216. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mtilatila, L., 2010. Seasonal prediction of summer rainfall in Southern Africa. Melboune, Australia: Monash University.
   Google Scholar
• Munthali, G., et al., 2003. Drought case study for Malawi. Blantyre, Malawi: Department of Meteorological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Neuland, H., 1984. Abnormal high water levels of Lake Malawi? — An attempt to assess the future behaviour of the lake water levels. Geo Journal, 9, 323–324.
   Google Scholar
• Ngongondo, C., et al., 2011. Evaluation of spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall in Malawi: a case of data scarce region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 106 (1–2), 79–93. doi:10.1007/s00704-011-0413-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngongondo, C., et al., 2015. Observed and simulated changes in the water balance components over Malawi, during 1971–2000. Quaternary International, Elsevier Ltd, 369, 7–16. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamuleni, L.G., Ndomba, P.M., and Annegarn, H.J., 2011. Evaluating land cover change and its impact on hydrological regime in Upper Shire river catchment, Malawi. Regional Environmental Change, 11 (4), 845–855. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0220-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauw, K., et al., 2011. The economic costs of extreme weather events: a hydrometeorological CGE analysis for Malawi. Environment and Development Economics, 16, 177–198. doi:10.1017/S1355770X10000471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlert, T., 2017. Non-parametric trend tests and change-point detection. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/trend/trend.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rebetez, M., et al., 2006. Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis. Annals of Forest Science, 63 (6), 569–577. doi:10.1051/forest:2006043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, Y., et al., 2001. 20th century droughts in Southern Africa: spatial and temporal variability, teleconnections with oceanic and atmospheric conditions. International Journal of Climatology, 21 (7), 873–885. doi:10.1002/joc.656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouault, M. and Richard, Y., 2005. Intensity and spatial extent of droughts in southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (15), 2–5. doi:10.1029/2005GL022436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shela, O.N., 2000. Naturalisation of Lake Malawi levels and Shire River flows. In: Proceedings of the 1st WARFSA/WaterNet Symposium: Sustainable Use ofWater Resources, Maputo, Mozambique, 1–2 November, pp. 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, S. and Wood, A.W., 2008. Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (2), 1–7. doi:10.1029/2007GL032487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinoni, J., et al., 2014. World drought frequency, duration, and severity for 1951–2010. International Journal of Climatology, 34 (8), 2792–2804. doi:10.1002/joc.3875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syroka, J. and Nucifora, A., 2010. National drought insurance for Malawi. World, January. Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1536982.
   Google Scholar
• Svoboda et al., 2012. Standardized Precipitation Index - user guide. WMO-No, 1090. Geneva: World Meteorological Organisation..
   Google Scholar
• Taulo, J.L., Gondwe, K.J., and Sebitosi, A.B., 2015. Energy supply in Malawi: options and issues. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 26 (2), 19–32. doi:10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i2a2192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornthwaite, C., 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review. doi:10.2307/210739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Beguería, S., and López-Moreno, J., 2010. A multi-scalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index - SPEI. Journal of Climate, 23, 1696–1718. doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, M.M., et al., 2019. Concurrent 2018 hot extremes across Northern Hemisphere due to human-induced climate change. Earth’s Future, 7 (7), 692–703. doi:10.1029/2019EF001189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank, 2017. Malawi Economic Monitor: harnessing the urban economy. Lilongwe, Malawi: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26763
   Google Scholar
• Zuzani, P.N., et al., 2019. Examining trends of hydro-meteorological extremes in the Shire River Basin in Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Elsevier, 112 (February), 91–102. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2019.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar