Prohibition, stigma and violence against men who have sex with men: effects on HIV in Central Asia

References

• Baldaev , D. , Vasiliev , S. and Plutser–Sarno , A. 2003 . Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia , Vol. I , Göttingen : Fuel .
   Google Scholar
• Baldaev , D. , Vasiliev , S. and Plutser–Sarno , A. 2006 . Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia , Vol. II , Göttingen : Fuel .
   Google Scholar
• Baldaev , D. , Vasiliev , S. and Sidorov , A. 2008 . Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia , Vol. III , Göttingen : Fuel .
   Google Scholar
• Baldauf , I. 1988 . Die Knabenliebe in Mittelasien: Bacabozlik.” . Ethnizität und Gesellschaft Occasional Papers 17
   Google Scholar
• Baldauf , I. 1990 . Bacabozlik: Boylove, Folksong and Literature in Central Asia . Paidika , 2 ( 2 ) : 12 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Baral , S. , Kizub , D. , Masenior , N. , Peryskina , A. , Stachowiak , J. , Stibich , M. , Moguilny , V. and Beyrer , C. 2010 . Male Sex Workers in Moscow, Russia: A Pilot Study of Demographics, Substance Use Patterns, and Prevalence of HIV-1 and Sexually Transmitted Infections . AIDS Care , 22 ( 1 ) : 112 – 118 . (doi:10.1080/09540120903012551)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer , C. , Juttiwutikarn , J. , Teokul , W. , Razak , M. , Suriyanon , V. , Srirak , N. , Vongchuk , T. , Tovanabutra , S. , Sripaipan , T. and Celentano , D. 2003 . Drug Use, Increasing Incarceration Rates, and Prison Associated HIV risks in Thailand . AIDS and Behavior , 7 ( 2 ) : 153 – 161 . (doi:10.1023/A:1023946324822)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrer , C. , Patel , Z. , Stachowiak , J. , Tishkova , F. , Stibich , M. , Eyzaguirre , L. Carr , J. 2009 . Characterization of the Emerging HIV Type 1 and HCV Epidemics Among Injecting Drug Users in Dushanbe, Tajikistan . AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses , 25 ( 9 ) : 853 – 860 . (doi:10.1089/aid.2008.0206)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobrova , N. , Sarang , A. , Stuikyte , R. and Lezhentsev , K. 2007 . Obstacles in Provision of Anti-Retroviral Treatment to Drug Users in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A Regional Overview . The International Journal of Drug Policy , 18 ( 4 ) : 313 – 318 . (doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.01.015)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozicevic , I. , Voncina , L. , Zigrovic , L. , Munz , M. and Lazarus , J. 2009 . HIV Epidemics Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Central and Eastern Europe . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 85 ( 5 ) : 336 – 342 . (doi:10.1136/sti.2008.035436)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronnikov , A. and Bronnikov , D. 2003 . Tatuirovka za Reshetkoi , Perm' : Prikamskii Sotsial'nyi Institut .
   Google Scholar
• Deryabina , A. , Osipov , K. and Surdina , T. 2011 . Mapping of Key HIV/AIDS Services, Assessment of Their Quality, and Analysis of Gaps and Needs of Most-at-Risk Populations in Selected Sites of Kazakhstan , Arlington , VA : United States Agency for International Development .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , P. , Connors , M. and Simmons , J. 1996 . Women, Poverty and AIDS , Monroe , ME : Common Courage Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferencic , N. , Malyuta , R. , Nary , P. , Mimica , J. , Adams , A. and Winter , A. 2010 . Blame and Banishment: The Underground HIV Epidemic Affecting Children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia , Geneva : The United Nations Children's Fund .
   Google Scholar
• fon der Khoven , N. 1900 . O Polovykh Izvrascheniiakh na Vostoke . Obozrenie Psikhiatrii, Nevrologii, i Eksperimental'noi Psikhologii , 6 : 422 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kazakhstan . 2010 . UNGASS Country Progress Report . Reporting Period: January 2008–December 2009. Almaty
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kyrgyzstan . 2006 . State Programme on Prevention of HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Its Socio-Economic Consequences in Kyrgyz Republic for The Years 2006–2010 . Bishkek.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kyrgyzstan . 2008 . UNGASS Country Progress Report . Reporting Period: January 2006–December 2007. Bishkek
   Google Scholar
• Government of Kyrgyzstan . 2010 . UNGASS Country Progress Report . Reporting Period: January 2008–December 2009. Bishkek
   Google Scholar
• Government of Tajikistan . 2010 . UNGASS Country Progress Report . Reporting Period: January 2008–December 2009. Dushanbe
   Google Scholar
• Government of Uzbekistan . 2010 . UNGASS Country Progress Report . Reporting Period: January 2008–December 2009. Tashkent
   Google Scholar
• Gulov , K. and Pirov , D. 2004 . Analytical Report on Advocacy and Prevention of HIV/AIDS Among Men Who Have Sex With Men , Dushanbe : Centre for Legal Support of Youth .
   Google Scholar
• Harm Reduction Association . 2009 . Rapid Assessment of Behavioral Aspects of HIV/AIDS/STIs and Accessibility of Harm Reduction Services Among People “Outcasted by The Prison Sub–Culture” in Colonies 3, 31, 8, 16, 1, 27–For Subsequent Provision of Specialized HIV Prevention Services to This Category of Convicted People , Bishkek : Harm Reduction Association .
   Google Scholar
• Healey , D. 2001 . Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gender Dissent , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• HRW . 2003 . Fanning The Flames: How Human Rights Abuses Are Fueling The AIDS Epidemic in Kazakhstan , . New York: Human Rights Watch 15, no. 4 (D)
   Google Scholar
• HRW . 2008 . These Everyday Humiliations: Violence Against Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Transgender Men in Kyrgyzstan , . New York: Human Rights Watch
   Google Scholar
• Ibragimov , U. , Khasanova , E. , Latypov , A. and Dzhamolov , P. 2011 . The Needs of Opiate Users in Dushanbe in 2010: A Qualitative Assessment , Dushanbe : SPIN Plus .
   Google Scholar
• ILGA . 2010 . State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws Prohibiting Same Sex Activity Between Consenting Adults , . Brussels: The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
   Google Scholar
• Ismailova , A. 2010 . The Analysis of The Situation Related to HIV Infection Among MSM in Central Asia, 2010.” Presented at the regional conference on “The HIV epidemic in Central Asia: Further development of epidemiological surveillance . 18–19 May, in Almaty, Kazakhstan
   Google Scholar
• Jamshedov , P. 2008 . Tajik-English Dictionary , Dushanbe : Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan .
   Google Scholar
• Karev , D. 1957 . Ugolovnoe Zakonodatel'stvo SSSR i Soiuznykh Respublik. Sbornik (Osnovnye Zakonodatel'nye Akty) , Edited by: Karev , D. Moscow : Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Iuridicheskoi Literatury .
   Google Scholar
• Khalid , A. 1998 . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Khidirov , M. , Nurov , R. , Rakhmanova , M. , Mirzoev , A. and Magkoev , V. 2006 . Report on The Results of Assessment of Introduction of Harm Reduction Programmes in The Correctional Institutions of the Department of Correctional Affairs of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tajikistan” . Dushanbe
   Google Scholar
• Kozlovksy , V. 1986 . Argo Russkoi Gomoseksual'noi Subkul'tury: Materialy k Izucheniiu , Benson , VT : Chalidze Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Kul'zhanova , D. 2010 . HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Situation in August 2010, During Eight Months of 2010, and by September 1, 2010. Unpublished document
   Google Scholar
• Kushelevsky , V. 1891 . Materialy Dlia Meditsinskoi Geografii i Sanitarnogo Opisaniia Ferganskoi Oblasti , Vol. II , Novyi Margelan : Izdanie Ferganskogo Oblastnogo Statisticheskago Komiteta .
   Google Scholar
• Kuznetsov , E. 1979 . Mordovsky Marathon. Jerusalem. Reprinted in Kozlovksy, V. 1986. Argo Russkoi Gomoseksual'noi Subkul'tury: Materialy k Izucheniiu, 200–210. Benson, VT: Chalidze Publications
   Google Scholar
• Latypov , A. 2008 . Two Decades of HIV/AIDS in Tajikistan: Reversing The Tide or The Coming of Age Paradigm? . The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly , 6 ( 3 ) : 101 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Logofet , D. 1909 . Na Granitsakh Srednei Azii: Putevye Ocherki , Vol. III , St. Petersburg : V. Berezovsky .
   Google Scholar
• MSF . 2010 . Turkmenistan's Opaque Health System . Amsterdam: Medecins Sans Frontieres
   Google Scholar
• Murray , S. and Roscoe , W. 1997 . Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature , Edited by: Murray , S. and Roscoe , W. New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olufsen , O. 1911 . The Emir of Bokhara and His Country: Journeys and Studies in Bokhara , London : William Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Oostvogels , R. 2005 . “ HIV and Men Who Have Sex With Men in Kyrgyz Republic. Assessment and Review ” . Prepared for Republican AIDS Centre and the GFATM. Bishkek
   Google Scholar
• Open Society Foundations . 2011 . Pretrial Detention and Health: Unintended Consequences, Deadly Results , New York : Open Society Foundations .
   Google Scholar
• OSI . 2007 . Access to Health Care for LGBT People in Kyrgyzstan . Open Society Institute: A Sexual Health and Rights Project/ Soros Foundation–Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek
   Google Scholar
• Ostroumov , N. 1896 . Sarty. Etnograficheskie Materialy , Tashkent : Izdanie Knizhnogo Magazina “Bukinist” .
   Google Scholar
• Pahlen , K. 1964 . Mission to Turkestan: Being the Memoirs of Count K.K. Pahlen , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peschereva , E. 1927 . “ Prazdnik Tiul'pana (Lola) v Sel. Isfara Kokandskogo Uezda ” . In In V. V. Bartol'du: Turkestanskie Druz'ia, Ucheniki i Pochitateli , Edited by: Shmidt , A. and Betger , E. 374 – 384 . Tashkent : Obschestvo dlia Izucheniia Tadzhikistana i Iranskikh Narodnostei za Ego Predelami .
   Google Scholar
• PSI . 2010 . Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan (2010): HIV and TB TRaC Study Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Almaty, Bishkek, Chui, and Dushanbe . Round 1. http://www.dialogueproject.org/eng/publications_and_resources/project_publications/research_reports/#go
   Google Scholar
• Renton , A. , Gzirishvilli , D. , Gotsadze , G. and Godinho , J. 2006 . Epidemics of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Central Asia: Trends, Drivers and Priorities for Control . The International Journal of Drug Policy , 17 ( 6 ) : 494 – 503 . (doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.09.003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Republican AIDS Centre . 2010 . Number of HIV-Infected Individuals in The Republic of Tajikistan by October 1, 2010 . Unpublished document.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes , T. , Simic , M. , Baros , S. , Platt , L. and Zikic , B. 2008 . Police Violence and Sexual Risk Among Female and Transvestite Sex Workers in Serbia: Qualitative Study . BMJ , 337 : a811 (doi:10.1136/bmj.a811)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahadeo , J. 2007 . Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sarang , A. , Rhodes , T. , Sheon , N. and Page , K. 2010 . Policing Drug Users in Russia: Risk, Fear, and Structural Violence . Substance Use and Misuse , 45 ( 6 ) : 813 – 835 . (doi:10.3109/10826081003590938)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuyler , E. 1966 . Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Kokand, Bukhara and Kuldja , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Sidorov , A. 2008 . “ The Russian Criminal Tattoo: Past and Present ” . In In Russian Criminal Tattoo Encyclopaedia , Edited by: Baldaev , D. , Vasiliev , S. and Sidorov , A. Vol. III , 16 – 43 . Göttingen : Fuel .
   Google Scholar
• Smolak , A. 2010 . Contextual Factors Influencing HIV Risk Behaviour in Central Asia . Culture, Health and Sexuality , 12 ( 5 ) : 515 – 527 . (doi:10.1080/13691051003658135)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne , C. , Ferencic , N. , Malyuta , R. , Mimica , J. and Niemiec , T. 2010 . Central Asia: Hotspot in The Worldwide HIV Epidemic . The Lancet Infectious Diseases , 10 ( 7 ) : 479 – 488 . (doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70118-3)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd , C. , Khakimov , M. , Giyasova , G. , Saad , M. , Botros , B. , Sanchez , J. , Carr , J. and Earhart , K. 2009 . Prevalence and Factors Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Sex Workers in Samarkand, Uzbekistan . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 36 ( 2 ) : 70 – 72 . (doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31818adb54)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukeyev , M. 2010 . HIV Infection Epidemiological Situation in The Republic of Kazakhstan .
   Google Scholar
• Tukeyev , M. , Ganina , L. , Yelizarieva , A. , Petrenko , I. , Balabayev , T. , Kudusova , E. and Trumova , Zh. 2011 . 2006–2010 Kazakhstan National AIDS Programme Progress Report. Almaty
   Google Scholar
• Universal Periodic Review Submission on Sexual Rights in Tajikistan . 2011 . Twelfth Session of the Universal Periodic Review. http://labrys.kg/files/Labrys__Equal_Opportunities__SRI_-_Joint_Submission_-_TAJIKISTAN_-_Oct._2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNOCHA IRIN . 2004 . Tajikistan: Gay Rights Face Uphill Struggle . http://www.irinnews.org/Report/24445/TAJIKISTAN-Gay-rights-face-uphill-struggle
   Google Scholar
• Uzbekistan Multisectoral Expert Council . 2010 . Continuing Scale Up of The Response to HIV in Uzbekistan, With Particular Focus on Most at Risk Populations . Proposal, Rolling Continuation Channel. For more information, see: http://www.undp.uz/en/projects/project.php?id=173
   Google Scholar
• van der Veur , D. 2004 . Kyrgyzstan: “The Country of Human Rights”… But Not For Homosexuals! , Amsterdam: COC Netherlands/HIVOS
   Google Scholar
• Vereschagin , V. 1900 . Batchi i Opiumoedy , Moscow : I. N. Kushnerev i Ko .
   Google Scholar
• Vinogradov , V. 2008 . Report on Behavioural Study Among MSM to Assess the Level of HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviour and Factors Impeding Prevention Efforts , Dushanbe : UNDP .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , C. and Kirey , A. 2010 . What's In a Name? The Personal and Political Meanings of ‘LGBT’ for Non-Heterosexual and Transgender Youth in Kyrgyzstan . Central Asian Survey , 29 ( 4 ) : 485 – 499 . (doi:10.1080/02634937.2010.533970)
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe , D. , Elovich , R. , Boltaev , A. and Pulatov , D. 2008 . “ HIV in Central Asia: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan ” . In In Public Health Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle Income Countries , Edited by: Celentano , D. and Beyrer , C. 557 – 581 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar