Enhancing Secondary School Students’ Acquisition of Correlational Reasoning Skills

REFERENCES

• Adi , H. , Karplus , R. , Lawson , A. and Pulos , S. 1978 . Intellectual development beyond elemen‐ tary school UI: correlational reasoning . School Science and Mathematics , 78 : 675 – 683 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. , Greene , M. and Loewen , P. 1988 . Relationships among teachers’ and students’ thinking skills, sense of efficacy, and student achievement . Alberta Journal of Educational Research , 34 (2) : 148 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton , P. and Webb , R. 1986 . Making a Difference: teachers’ sense of efficacy and student achievement , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Curtis , J. 1985 . Teaching college biology students the simple linear regression model using an interactive microcomputer graphics software program , 85 – 12296 . University of Wisconsin‐Madison, UMI . Unpublished PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , S. and Dembo , M. 1984 . Teacher efficacy: a construct validation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 (4) : 569 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , G. , McGaw , B. and Smith , M. 1981 . Meta‐analysis in Social Research , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , S. 1981 . The Mismeasure of Man , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , D. 1981 . “ Illusory correlation as a basis for stereotyping ” . In Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior , Edited by: Hamilton , D. 115 – 144 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum . Acquisition of Reasoning Skilk 205
   Google Scholar
• Hoy , W. and Woolfolk , A. 1990 . Socialization of student teachers . American International Research Journal , 27 (1) : 279 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , D. , Amabile , T. and Ross , L. 1982 . “ Informal covariation assessment: data‐based versus theory‐based judgments ” . In Judgment under Conditions of Uncertainty: heuristics and biases , Edited by: Kahneman , D. , Slovic , P. and Tversky , A. 211 – 230 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. 1982 . The relative responsiveness of concrete operational seventh grade and college students to science instruction . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 19 (1) : 63 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. and Bealer , J. 1984 . The acquisition of basic quantitative reasoning skills during adolescence: learning or development . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 21 (4) : 417 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie , D. and Padilla , M. 1986 . The construction and validation of the test of graphing in science (TOGS) . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 23 (7) : 571 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton , S. 1849 . Observations on the size of the brain in various races and families of man . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia , 4 : 221 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Nous , A. and Raven , R. 1973 . The effects of a structured learning sequence on children's correlative thinking about biological phenomena . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 10 (3) : 251 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. 1968 . The Nature of Science Teaching , Belmont : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , F. , Ross , J. and White , F. 1985 . Curriculum Development for Effective Instruction , Toronto : OISE Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1986 . Cows moo softly: acquiring and retrieving a formal operations schema . European Journal of Science Education , 8 (4) : 389 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1988a . Improving social‐environmental problem solving through cooperative learning . American Educational Research Journal , 25 (4) : 573 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1988b . Controlling variables: a meta‐analysis of training studies . Review of Educational Research , 58 (4) : 405 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1990 . Learning to control variables: main effects and interactions of two rule governed approaches . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 27 (6) : 523 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1992 . Teacher efficacy and the effects of coaching on student achievement: an exploratory investigation . Canadian Journal of Education , 17 (1) : 51 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. in press . The impact of an in‐service to promote cooperative learning on the stability of teacher efficacy . Teaching and Teacher Education ,
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. and Cousins , B. 1993 . Patterns of student growth in reasoning about multivariate correlational problems . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 (1) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. and Maynes , F. 1983 . Experimental problem solving: an instructional improvement field experiment . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 20 (6) : 543 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. and Nagy , P. 1987 . Esteem for the customs, cultures and beliefs of a wide variety of societal groups: exploration of an educational goal . Interchange , 18 (3) : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , J. and Robinson , F. 1987 . The use of rule structures in teaching experimental design to secondary school students . Science Education , 71 (4) : 571 – 589 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowell , J. and Dawson , C. 1984 . Controlling variables: testing a programme for teaching a general strategy . Research in Science and Technological Education , 2 (1) : 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowell , J. and Dawson , C. 1985 . Equilibration, conflict and instruction: a new class oriented perspective . European Journal of Science Education , 7 (4) : 331 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaklee , H. and Mims , M. 1981 . Development of rule use in judgments of covariation between events . Child Development , 52 : 317 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , M. and Wang , M. 1988 . Teacher development and school improvement: the process of teacher change . Teaching and Teacher Education , 4 (2) : 171 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder , M. 1981 . “ On the self‐perpetuating nature of social stereotypes ” . In Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior , Edited by: Hamilton , D. 183 – 212 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tracs , S. and Gibson , S. Effects of efficacy on student achievement . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the California Research Association . Marina del Rey .
   Google Scholar
• Wavering , M. 1984 . Interrelationships among Piaget's formal operations schemata: proportions, probability and correlation . Journal of Psychology , 118 (1) : 57 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wavering , M. 1989 . Logical reasoning necessary to make line graphs . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 26 (5) : 373 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar