Absorption of creatine supplied as a drink, in meat or in solid form

REFERENCES

• Balsom, P.D., Harridge, S.D.R., Sederlund, K., Sjödin, B. and Ekblom, B. (1993). Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavian, 149, 521-523.
   Google Scholar
• Balsom, P.D., Soderlund, K. and Ekblom, B. (1994). Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Medicine, 18, 268-280.
   Google Scholar
• Grim, M.C., Calloway, D.H. and Margen, S. (1976). Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intake. Journal of Nutrition, 106, 371-381.
   Google Scholar
• Dunnett, M.D., Harris, R.C. and Orme, E. (1991). Reverse phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography of phosphocreatine, creatine and creatinine in equine muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation, 51, 137-141.
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, G. and Shriver, H.E. (1925). The equilibrium between creatine and creatinine in aqueous solution, the effect of hydrogen ion. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 47, 1179-1188.
   Google Scholar
• Green, A.L., Simpson, E.J., Littlewood, J.J., Macdonald, I.A. and Greenhaff, P.L. (1996). Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 158, 195-202.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaff, P.L., Casey, A., Short, A.H., Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K. and Hultman, E. (1993). The influence of oral creatine supplementation on muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man. Clinical Science, 84, 565-571.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R.C., Hultman, E. and Nordesjo, L.-O. (1974). Glycogen, glycolytic intermediates and high energy phosphates in biopsy samples of musculus quadriceps femoris of man at rest: methods and variance of values. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 33, 109-120.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K. and Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle in normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science, 83, 367-374.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R.C., Viru, M.G., Greenhaff, P.L. and Hultman, E. (1993). The effect of oral creatine supplementation on running performance during short term exercise in man. Journal of Physiology, 467, 74P.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, R.C., Lowe, J.A., Warnes, K. and Orme, C.E. (1997). The concentration of creatine in meat, offal and commercial dog food. Research in Veterinary Science, 62, 58-62.
   Google Scholar
• Haughland, R.B. and Chang, D.T. (1975). Insulin effects on creatine transport in skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 148, 1-4.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogwerf, B.J., Laine, D.C. and Greene, E. (1986). Urine C-peptide and creatinine (Jaffe Method) excretion in healthy adults on varied diets: sustained effects of varied carbohydrate, protein and meat content. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 43, 350-360.
   Google Scholar
• Macy, R.L., Naumann, H.D. and Bailey, M.E. (1970). Water soluble flavor and odor precursors of meat. 5. Influences of heating on acid-extractable nonnucleotide chemical contitutents of beef, lamb and pork. Journal of Food Science, 35, 83-87.
   Google Scholar
• Murakita, H. (1988). Simultaneous determination of creatine and creatinine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatography, 431, 471-473.
   Google Scholar
• Steenge, G.R., Simpson, E.J. and Greenhaff, P.L. (2000). Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1165-1171.
   Google Scholar
• Stroud, M.A., Holliman, D., Bell, D., Green, A.L., Macdonald, I.A. and Greenhaff, P.L. (1994). Effect of oral creatine supplementation on respiratory gas exchange and blood lactate accumulation during steady-state incremental treadmill exercise and recovery in man. Clinical Science, 87, 707-710.
   Google Scholar
• Tannabill, R. (1988). Food in History, 2nd edn. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, R. (1999). The Arctic: A History. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
   Google Scholar