14,322
Views
105
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pre-exercise carbohydrate and fat ingestion: effects on metabolism and performance

, &
Pages 31-38 | Accepted 07 Aug 2003, Published online: 18 Feb 2007

References

References

  • Achten , J and Jeukendrup , AE . 2003 . Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses during subsequent exercise at differing intensities . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 466 – 471 .
  • Angus , DJ , Febbraio , MA and Hargreaves , M . 2002 . Plasma glucose kinetics during prolonged exercise in trained humans when fed carbohydrate . American Journal of Physiology , 283 : E573 – E577 .
  • Balsom , PD , Gaitanos , GC , Söderlund , K and Ekblom , B . 1999 . High-intensity exercise and muscle glycogen availability in humans . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 165 : 337 – 345 .
  • Bangsbo , J , Nørragaard , L and Thorsøe , F . 1992 . The effect of carbohydrate diet on intermittent exercise performance . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 13 : 152 – 157 .
  • Bergstrom , J , Hermansen , L , Hultman , E and Saltin , B . 1967 . Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 71 : 140 – 150 .
  • Bosch , AN , Dennis , SC and Noakes , TD . 1993 . Influence of carbohydrate loading on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 74 : 1921 – 1927 .
  • Brewer , J , Williams , C and Patton , A . 1988 . The influence of high carbohydrate diets on endurance running performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 57 : 698 – 706 .
  • Brouns , F , Rehrer , NJ , Saris , WHM , Beckers , E , Menheere , P and ten Hoor , F . 1989 . Effect of carbohydrate intake during warming-up on the regulation of blood glucose during exercise . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 10 : S68 – S75 .
  • Burke , LM , Claassen , A , Hawley , JA and Noakes , TD . 1998 . Carbohydrate intake during prolonged cycling minimizes effect of glycemic index of preexercise meal . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 2220 – 2226 .
  • Burke , LM , Angus , DJ , Cox , GR , Cummings , NK , Febbraio , MA , Gawthorn , K , Hawley , JA , Minehan , M , Martin , DT and Hargreaves , M . 2000a . Effect of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling . Journal of Applied Physiology , 89 : 2413 – 2421 .
  • Burke , LM , Hawley , JA , Schabort , EJ , St. Clair Gibson , A , Mujika , I and Noakes , TD . 2000b . Carbohydrate loading failed to improve 100-km cycling perfomance in a placebo-controlled trial . Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 1284 – 1290 .
  • Bussau , VA , Fairchild , TJ , Rao , A , Steele , P and Fournier , PA . 2002 . Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 87 : 290 – 295 .
  • Carey , AL , Staudacher , HM , Cummings , NK , Stepto , NK , Nikolopoulos , V , Burke , LM and Hawley , JA . 2001 . Effects of fat adaptation and carbohydrate restoration on prolonged endurance exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 91 : 115 – 122 .
  • Casey , A , Mann , R , Banister , K , Fox , J , Morris , PG , MacDonald , IA and Greenhaff , PL . 2000 . Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glycogen resynthesis in human liver and skeletal muscle, measured by 13C MRS . American Journal of Physiology , 278 : E65 – E75 .
  • Chryssanthopoulos , C and Williams , C . 1997 . Pre-exercise carbohydrate meal and endurance capacity when carbohydrates are ingested during exercise . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 18 : 543 – 548 .
  • Chryssanthopoulos , C , Williams , C , Wilson , W , Asher , L and Hearne , L . 1994 . Comparison between carbohydrate feedings before and during exercise on running performance during a 30-km treadmill time trial . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 4 : 374 – 386 .
  • Costill , DL , Coyle , E , Dalsky , G , Evans , W , Fink , W and Hoopes , D . 1977 . Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 43 : 695 – 699 .
  • Coyle , EF , Coggan , AR , Hemmert , MK , Lowe , RC and Walters , TJ . 1985 . Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal . Journal of Applied Physiology , 59 : 429 – 433 .
  • Coyle , EF , Coggan , AR , Hemmert , MK and Ivy , JL . 1986 . Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate . Journal of Applied Physiology , 61 : 165 – 172 .
  • Coyle , EF , Jeukendrup , AE , Wagenmakers , AJM and Saris , WHM . 1997 . Fatty acid oxidation is directly regulated by carbohydrate metabolism during exercise . American Journal of Physiology , 273 : E268 – E275 .
  • Coyle , EF , Jeukendrup , AE , Oseto , MC , Hodgkinson , BJ and Ivy , JL . 2001 . Low-fat diet alters intramuscular substrates and reduces lipolysis and fat oxidation during exercise . American Journal of Physiology , 280 : E391 – E398 .
  • DeMarco , HM , Sucher , KP , Cisar , CJ and Butterfield , GE . 1999 . Pre-exercise carbohydrate meals: application of glycemic index . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 164 – 170 .
  • Fairchild , TJ , Fletcher , S , Steele , P , Goodman , C , Dawson , B and Fournier , PA . 2002 . Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal-intensity exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 34 : 980 – 986 .
  • Fallowfield , JL and Williams , C . 1993 . Carbohydrate intake and recovery from prolonged exercise . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 3 : 150 – 164 .
  • Fallowfield , JL , Williams , C and Singh , R . 1995 . The influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage during 4 hours of recovery on subsequent endurance capacity . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 5 : 285 – 299 .
  • Febbraio , MA and Stewart , KL . 1996 . CHO feeding before prolonged exercise: effect of glycemic index on muscle glycogenolysis and exercise performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 81 : 1115 – 1120 .
  • Febbraio , MA , Chiu , A , Angus , DJ , Arkinstall , MJ and Hawley , JA . 2000a . Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 89 : 2220 – 2226 .
  • Febbraio , MA , Keenan , J , Angus , DJ , Campbell , SE and Garnham , AP . 2000b . Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: effect of the glycemic index . Journal of Applied Physiology , 89 : 1845 – 1851 .
  • Fielding , RA , Costill , DL , Fink , WJ , King , DS , Kovaleski , JE and Kirwan , JP . 1987 . Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen use during exercise in well-trained runners . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 56 : 225 – 229 .
  • Flynn , MG , Costill , DL , Hawley , JA , Fink , WJ , Neufer , PD , Fielding , RA and Sleeper , MG . 1987 . Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and glycogen use . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 19 : 37 – 40 .
  • Foster , C , Costill , DL and Fink , WJ . 1979 . Effects of pre-exercise feedings on endurance performance . Medicine and Science in Sports , 11 : 1 – 5 .
  • Galbo , H , Holst , JJ and Christensen , NJ . 1979 . The effect of different diets and of insulin on the hormonal response to prolonged exercise . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 107 : 19 – 32 .
  • Gleeson , M , Maughan , RJ and Greenhaff , PL . 1986 . Comparison of the effects of preexercise feeding of glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance performance and fuel homeostasis in man . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 55 : 645 – 653 .
  • Gollnick , PD , Piehl , K , Saubert , CW , Armstrong , RB and Saltin , B . 1972 . Diet, exercise, and glycogen changes in human muscle fibres . Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 421 – 425 .
  • Hargreaves , M , Costill , DL , Katz , A and Fink , WJ . 1985 . Effect of fructose ingestion on muscle glycogen usage during exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 17 : 360 – 363 .
  • Hargreaves , M , Costill , DL , Fink , WJ , King , DS and Fielding , RA . 1987 . Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on endurance cycling performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 19 : 33 – 36 .
  • Hargreaves , M , McConell , GM and Proietto , J . 1995 . Influence of muscle glycogen on glycogenolysis and glucose uptake during exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 78 : 288 – 292 .
  • Hargreaves , M , Finn , JP , Withers , RT , Halbert , JA , Scroop , GC , Mackay , M , Snow , RJ and Carey , MF . 1997 . Effect of muscle glycogen availability on maximal exercise performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 75 : 188 – 192 .
  • Hawley , JA , Palmer , GS and Noakes , TD . 1997 . Effects of 3 days of carbohydrate supplementation on muscle glycogen content and utilisation during a 1-h cycling performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 75 : 407 – 412 .
  • Hawley , JA , Schabort , EJ , Noakes , TD and Dennis , SC . 1997 . Carbohydrate-loading and exercise performance: an update . Sports Medicine , 24 : 73 – 81 .
  • Hawley , JA , Burke , LM , Angus , DJ , Fallon , KE , Martin , DT and Febbraio , MA . 2000 . Effect of altering substrate availability on metabolism and performance during intense exercise . British Journal of Nutrition , 84 : 829 – 838 .
  • Hickner , RC , Fisher , JS , Hansen , PA , Racette , SB , Mier , CM , Turner , MJ and Holloszy , JO . 1997 . Muscle glycogen accumulation after endurance exercise in trained and untrained individuals . Journal of Applied Physiology , 83 : 897 – 903 .
  • Horowitz , JF and Coyle , EF . 1993 . Metabolic responses to preexercise meals containing various carbohydrates and fat . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 : 235 – 241 .
  • Horowitz , JF , Mora-Rodríguez , R , Byerley , LO and Coyle , EF . 1997 . Lipolytic suppression following carbohydrate ingestion limits fat oxidation . American Journal of Physiology , 273 : E768 – E775 .
  • Horowitz , JF , Mora-Rodríguez , R , Byerley , LO and Coyle , EF . 2000 . Preexercise medium-chain triglyceride ingestion does not alter muscle glycogen use during exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 219 – 225 .
  • James , AP , Lorraine , M , Cullen , D , Goodman , C , Dawson , B , Palmer , TN and Fournier , PA . 2001 . Muscle glycogen supercompensation: absence of a gender-related difference . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 533 – 538 .
  • Jentjens , RLPG and Jeukendrup , AE . 2002 . Prevalance of hypoglycemia following pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion is not accompanied by higher insulin sensitivity . International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 12 : 444 – 459 .
  • Jentjens , RLPG and Jeukendrup , AE . 2003 . Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 459 – 465 .
  • Jentjens , RLPG , Cale , C , Gutch , C and Jeukendrup , AE . 2003 . Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of differing amounts of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 444 – 452 .
  • Jeukendrup , AE , Saris , WHM , Brouns , F and Kester , ADM . 1996 . A new validated endurance performance test . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 28 : 266 – 270 .
  • Kang , J , Robertson , RJ , Denys , BG , DaSilva , SG , Visich , P , Siminski , RR , Utter , AC , Goss , FL and Metz , KF . 1995 . Effect of carbohydrate ingestion subsequent to carbohydrate supercompensation on endurance performance . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 5 : 329 – 343 .
  • Kirwan , JP , O'Gorman , D and Evans , WJ . 1998 . A moderate glycemic meal before endurance exercise can enhance performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 84 : 53 – 59 .
  • Kirwan , JP , Cyr-Campbell , D , Campbell , WW , Scheiber , J and Evans , WJ . 2001a . Effects of moderate and high glycemic index meals on metabolism and exercise performance . Metabolism , 50 : 849 – 855 .
  • Kirwan , JP , O'Gorman , D , Cyr-Campbell , D , Campbell , WW , Yarasheski , KE and Evans , WJ . 2001b . Effects of a moderate glycemic meal on exercise duration and substrate utilization . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 33 : 1517 – 1523 .
  • Kuipers , H , Fransen , EJ and Keizer , HA . 1999 . Pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate and transient hypoglycemia during exercise . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 20 : 227 – 231 .
  • Levine , L , Evans , WJ , Cadarette , BS , Fisher , EC and Bullen , BA . 1983 . Fructose and glucose ingestion and muscle glycogen use during submaximal exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 55 : 1767 – 1771 .
  • Madsen , K , Pedersen , PK , Rose , P and Richter , EA . 1990 . Carbohydrate supercompensation and muscle glycogen utilization during exhaustive running in highly trained athletes . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 61 : 467 – 472 .
  • Marmy Conus , N , Fabris , S , Proietto , J and Hargreaves , M . 1996 . Pre-exercise glucose ingestion and glucose kinetics during exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 81 : 853 – 857 .
  • Maughan , RJ and Poole , DC . 1981 . The effects of a glycogen-loading regimen on the capacity to perform anaerobic exercise . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 46 : 211 – 219 .
  • Maughan , RJ , Greenhaff , PL , Leiper , JB , Ball , D , Lambert , CP and Gleeson , M . 1997 . Diet composition and the performance of high-intensity exercise . Journal of Sports Sciences , 15 : 265 – 275 .
  • Montain , SJ , Hopper , MK , Coggan , AR and Coyle , EF . 1991 . Exercise metabolism at different time intervals after a meal . Journal of Applied Physiology , 70 : 882 – 888 .
  • Moseley , L , Lancaster , GI and Jeukendrup , AE . 2003 . Effects of timing of pre-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 453 – 458 .
  • Nicholas , CW , Green , PA , Hawkins , RD and Williams , C . 1997 . Carbohydrate intake and recovery of intermittent running capacity . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 7 : 251 – 260 .
  • Okano , G , Sato , Y , Takumi , Y and Sugawara , M . 1996 . Effect of 4 h preexercise high carbohydrate and high fat meal ingestion on endurance performance and metabolism . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 17 : 530 – 534 .
  • Okano , G , Sato , Y and Murata , Y . 1998 . Effect of elevated blood FFA levels on endurance performance after a single fat meal ingestion . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30 : 763 – 768 .
  • Pitsiladis , YP and Maughan , RJ . 1999 . The effects of exercise and diet manipulation on the capacity to perform prolonged exercise in the heat and in the cold in trained humans . Journal of Physiology , 517 : 919 – 930 .
  • Pitsiladis , YP , Smith , I and Maughan , RJ . 1999 . Increased fat availability enhances the capacity of trained individuals to perform prolonged exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 1570 – 1579 .
  • Rauch , LHG , Rodger , I , Wilson , GR , Belonje , JD , Dennis , SC , Noakes , TD and Hawley , JA . 1995 . The effects of carbohydrate loading on muscle glycogen content and cycling performance . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 5 : 25 – 36 .
  • Schabort , EJ , Bosch , AN , Weltan , SM and Noakes , TD . 1999 . The effect of a pre-exercise meal on time to fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 464 – 471 .
  • Seifert , JG , Paul , GL , Eddy , DE and Murray , R . 1994 . Glycemic and insulinemic response to preexercise carbohydrate feedings . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 4 : 46 – 53 .
  • Sherman , WM , Costill , DL , Fink , WJ and Miller , JM . 1981 . Effect of exercise-diet manipulation on muscle glycogen and its subsequent utilization during performance . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 114 – 118 .
  • Sherman , WM , Brodowicz , G , Wright , DA , Allen , WK , Simonsen , J and Dernbach , A . 1989 . Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 21 : 598 – 604 .
  • Sherman , WM , Peden , MC and Wright , DA . 1991 . Carbohydrate feedings 1 h before exercise improve cycling performance . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 54 : 866 – 870 .
  • Short , KR , Sheffield-Moore , M and Costill , DL . 1997 . Glycemic and insulinemic responses to multiple preexercise carbohydrate feedings . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 7 : 128 – 137 .
  • Sparks , MJ , Selig , SE and Febbraio , MA . 1998 . Pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion: effect of the glycemic index on endurance exercise performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30 : 844 – 849 .
  • Starling , RD , Trappe , TA , Parcell , AC , Kerr , CG , Fink , WJ and Costill , DL . 1997 . Effects of diet on muscle triglyceride and endurance performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 82 : 1185 – 1189 .
  • Stepto , NK , Carey , AL , Staudacher , HM , Cummings , NK , Burke , LM and Hawley , JA . 2002 . Effect of short-term fat adaptation on high-intensity training . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 34 : 449 – 455 .
  • Tarnopolsky , MA , Atkinson , SA , Phillips , SM and MacDougall , JD . 1995 . Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women . Journal of Applied Physiology , 78 : 1360 – 1368 .
  • Tarnopolsky , MA , Zawada , C , Richmond , LB , Carter , S , Shearer , J , Graham , T and Phillips , SM . 2001 . Gender differences in carbohydrate loading are related to energy intake . Journal of Applied Physiology , 91 : 225 – 230 .
  • Thomas , DE , Brotherhood , JR and Brand , JC . 1991 . Carbohydrate feeding before exercise: effect of glycemic index . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 12 : 180 – 186 .
  • Vandenberghe , K , Hespel , P , Vanden Eynde , B , Lysens , R and Richter , EA . 1995 . No effect of glycogen level on glycogen metabolism during high intensity exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 27 : 1278 – 1283 .
  • Vukovich , MD , Costill , DL , Hickey , MS , Trappe , SW , Cole , KJ and Fink , WJ . 1993 . Effect of fat emulsion infusion and fat feeding on muscle glycogen utilisation during cycle exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 75 : 1513 – 1518 .
  • Walker , JL , Heigenhauser , GJ , Hultman , E and Spriet , LL . 2000 . Dietary carbohydrate, muscle glycogen content, and endurance performance in well-trained women . Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 2151 – 2158 .
  • Wee , S-L , Williams , C , Gray , S and Horabin , J . 1999 . Influence of high and low glycemic index meals on endurance running capacity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 393 – 399 .
  • Whitley , HA , Humphreys , SM , Campbell , IT , Keegan , MA , Jayanetti , TD , Sperry , DA , MacLaren , DP , Reilly , T and Frayn , KN . 1998 . Metabolic and performance responses during endurance exercise after high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 418 – 424 .
  • Widrick , JJ , Costill , DL , Fink , WJ , Hickey , MS , McConell , GK and Tanaka , H . 1993 . Carbohydrate feedings and exercise performance: effect of initial muscle glycogen concentration . Journal of Applied Physiology , 74 : 2998 – 3005 .
  • Wright , DA , Sherman , WM and Dernbach , A . 1991 . Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 71 : 1082 – 1088 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.