4,167
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Dietary supplements for football

, &
Pages 749-761 | Accepted 16 Nov 2005, Published online: 19 Aug 2006

References

  • Anderson , J. W. , Nicolosi , R. J. and Borzelleca , J. F. 2005 . Glucosamine effects in humans: A review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 43 : 187 – 201 .
  • Andraws , R. , Chawla , P. and Brown , D. L. 2005 . Cardiovascular effects of ephedra alkaloids: A comprehensive review . Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases , 47 : 217 – 225 .
  • Armstrong , L. E. , Pumerantz , A. C. , Roti , M. W. , Judelson , D. A. , Watson , G. Dias , J. C. 2005 . Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption . International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 15 : 252 – 265 .
  • Bangsbo , J. , Jacobsen , K. , Nordberg , N. , Christensen , N. J. and Graham , T. 1992 . Acute and habitual caffeine ingestion and metabolic responses to steady-state exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 72 : 1297 – 1303 .
  • Barr , S. I. and Rideout , C. A. 2004 . Nutritional considerations for vegetarian athletes . Nutrition , 20 : 696 – 703 .
  • Bell , D. G. and McLellan , T. M. 2002 . Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers . Journal of Applied Physiology , 93 : 1227 – 1234 .
  • Bhaskaram , P. 2002 . Micronutrient malnutrition, infection, and immunity: An overview . Nutrition Reviews , 60 : S40 – S45 .
  • Braham , R. , Dawson , B. and Goodman , C. 2003 . The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 37 : 45 – 49 .
  • Burke , D. G. , Chilibeck , P. D. , Parise , G. , Candow , D. G. , Mahoney , D. and Tarnopolsky , M. 2003 . Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 35 : 1946 – 1955 .
  • Burke , L. M. , Loucks , A. and Broad , N. 2006 . Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 675 – 685 .
  • Casey , A. , Constantin-Teodosiu , D. , Howell , S. , Hultman , E. and Greenhaff , P. L. 1996 . Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 271 : E31 – E37 .
  • Chua , B. , Siehl , D. L. and Morgan , H. E. 1979 . Effect of leucine and metabolites of branched chain amino acids on protein turnover in heart . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 254 : 8358 – 8362 .
  • Clarkson , P. M. and Thompson , H. S. 2000 . Antioxidants: What role do they play in physical activity and health? . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 637S – 646S .
  • Cox , G. R. , Desbrow , B. , Montgomery , P. G. , Anderson , M. E. , Bruce , C. R. Macrides , T. A. 2002b . Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 93 : 990 – 999 .
  • Cox , G. , Mujika , I. , Tumilty , D. and Burke , L. 2002a . Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female football players . International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 12 : 33 – 46 .
  • Daly , P. A. , Krieger , D. R. , Dulloo , A. G. , Young , J. B. and Landsberg , L. 1993 . Ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin: Safety and efficacy for treatment of human obesity . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 17 ( suppl. 1 ) : S73 – S78 .
  • Dangott , B. , Schultz , E. and Mozdziak , P. E. 1999 . Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation increases satellite cell mitotic activity during compensatory hypertrophy . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 20 : 13 – 16 .
  • Davis , J. M. , Zhao , Z. , Stock , H. S. , Mehl , K. A. , Buggy , J. and Hand , G. A. 2003 . Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue . American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory and Integrative Comparative Physiology , 284 : R399 – R404 .
  • De Cock , K. J. , Delbeke , F. T. , Van Eenoo , P. , Desmet , N. , Roels , K. and De Backer , P. 2001 . Detection and determination of anabolic steroids in nutritional supplements . Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 25 : 843 – 852 .
  • Delanghe , J. , De Slypere , J. P. , De Buyzere , M. , Robbrecht , J. , Wieme , R. and Vermeulen , A. 1989 . Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians . Clinical Chemistry , 35 : 1802 – 1803 .
  • Delbeke , F. T. , Van Eenoo , P. , Van Thuyne , W. and Desmet , N. 2002 . Prohormones and sport . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 83 : 245 – 251 .
  • Deldicque , L. , Louis , M. , Theisen , D. , Nielens , H. , Dehoux , M. Thissen , J. P. 2005 . Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 37 : 731 – 736 .
  • Derave , W. , Eijnde , B. O. and Hespel , P. 2003 . Creatine supplementation in health and disease: What is the evidence for long-term efficacy? . Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , 244 : 49 – 55 .
  • Doherty , M. and Smith , P. M. 2005 . Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: A meta-analysis . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 15 : 69 – 78 .
  • Douglas , R. M. , Hemila , H. , D'Souza , R. , Chalker , E. B. and Treacy , B. 2004 . Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold . Cochrane Database of Systemic Review , CD000980
  • Dulloo , A. G. 2002 . Herbal simulation of ephedrine and caffeine in treatment of obesity . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 26 : 590 – 592 .
  • Dwyer , J. T. , Allison , D. B. and Coates , P. M. 2005 . Dietary supplements in weight reduction . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 105 : S80 – S86 .
  • Fisher , S. M. , McMurray , R. G. , Berry , M. , Mar , M. H. and Forsythe , W. A. 1986 . Influence of caffeine on exercise performance in habitual caffeine users . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 7 : 276 – 280 .
  • Gallagher , P. M. , Carrithers , J. A. , Godard , M. P. , Schulze , K. E. and Trappe , S. W. 2000a . β-Hydroxy- β-methylbutyrate ingestion. Part I: Effects on strength and fat free mass . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 2109 – 2115 .
  • Gallagher , P. M. , Carrithers , J. A. , Godard , M. P. , Schulze , K. E. and Trappe , S. W. 2000b . β-Hydroxy- β-methylbutyrate ingestion. Part II: Effects on hematology, hepatic and renal function . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 2116 – 2119 .
  • Geyer , H. , Parr , M. K. , Mareck , U. , Reinhart , U. , Schrader , Y. and Schanzer , W. 2004 . Analysis of non-hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic-androgenic steroids – results of an international study . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 25 : 124 – 129 .
  • Gleeson , M. and Bishop , N. C. 2000 . Special feature for the Olympics. Effects of exercise on the immune system: Modification of immune responses to exercise by carbohydrate, glutamine and anti-oxidant supplements . Immunology and Cell Biology , 78 : 554 – 561 .
  • Gleeson , M. , Lancaster , G. I. and Bishop , N. C. 2001 . Nutritional strategies to minimise exercise-induced immunosuppression in athletes . Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology , 26 ( suppl. ) : S23 – S35 .
  • Gleeson , M. , Nieman , D. C. and Pedersen , B. K. 2004 . Exercise, nutrition and immune function . Journal of Sports Sciences , 22 : 115 – 125 .
  • Gleeson , M. and Pyne , D. B. 2000 . Special feature for the Olympics. Effects of exercise on the immune system: Exercise effects on mucosal immunity . Immunology and Cell Biology , 78 : 536 – 544 .
  • Gorsline , R. T. and Kaeding , C. C. 2005 . The use of NSAIDs and nutritional supplements in athletes with osteoarthritis: Prevalence, benefits, and consequences . Clinical Sports Medicine , 24 : 71 – 82 .
  • Graham , T. E. 2001 . Caffeine and exercise: Metabolism, endurance and performance . Sports Medicine , 31 : 785 – 807 .
  • Graham , T. E. , Hibbert , E. and Sathasivam , P. 1998 . Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 883 – 889 .
  • Graham , T. E. and Spriet , L. L. 1991 . Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 71 : 2292 – 2298 .
  • Graham , T. E. and Spriet , L. L. 1995 . Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine . Journal of Applied Physiology , 78 : 867 – 874 .
  • Green , A. L. , Hultman , E. , Macdonald , I. A. , Sewell , D. A. and Greenhaff , P. L. 1996 . Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 271 : E821 – E826 .
  • Green , G. A. , Catlin , D. H. and Starcevic , B. 2001 . Analysis of over-the-counter dietary supplements . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 11 : 254 – 259 .
  • Greenhaff , P. L. , Bodin , K. , Söderlund , K. and Hultman , E. 1994 . Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 266 : E725 – E730 .
  • Greenhaff , P. L. , Casey , A. , Short , A. H. , Harris , R. and Söderlund , K. 1993 . Influence of oral creatine supplementation on muscle torque during repeated bouts of maximal voluntary exercise in man . Clinical Science , 84 : 565 – 571 .
  • Gurley , B. J. , Gardner , S. F. and Hubbard , M. A. 2000 . Content versus label claims in ephedra-containing dietary supplements . American Journal of Health: System Pharmacy , 57 : 963 – 969 .
  • Haller , C. A. , Benowitz , N. L. and Jacob , P. III . 2005 . Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans . American Journal of Medicine , 118 : 998 – 1003 .
  • Harris , R. C. , Almada , A. L. , Harris , D. B. , Dunnett , M. and Hespel , P. 2004 . The creatine content of creatine serum and the change in the plasma concentration with ingestion of a single dose . Journal of Sports Sciences , 22 : 851 – 857 .
  • Harris , R. C. , Söderlund , K. and Hultman , E. 1992 . Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation . Clinical Science , 83 : 367 – 374 .
  • Haskell , C. F. , Kennedy , D. O. , Wesnes , K. A. and Scholey , A. B. 2005 . Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , 179 : 813 – 825 .
  • Hawley , J. A. , Tipton , K. D. and Millard-Stafford , M. L. 2006 . Promoting training adaptations through nutritional interventions . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 709 – 721 .
  • Hemila , H. 1996 . Vitamin C and common cold incidence: A review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 17 : 379 – 383 .
  • Hemila , H. 2004 . Vitamin C supplementation and respiratory infections: A systematic review . Military Medicine , 169 : 920 – 925 .
  • Hespel , P. , Op't , E. B. and Van Leemputte , M. 2002 . Opposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humans . Journal of Applied Physiology , 92 : 513 – 518 .
  • Hespel , P. , Op't Eijnde , B. , Van Leemputte , M. , Ursø , B. , Greenhaff , P. Labarque , V. 2001 . Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans . Journal of Physiology , 536 : 625 – 633 .
  • Hetzler , R. K. , Warhaftig-Glynn , N. , Thompson , D. L. , Dowling , E. and Weltman , A. 1994 . Effects of acute caffeine withdrawal on habituated male runners . Journal of Applied Physiology , 76 : 1043 – 1048 .
  • Hiscock , N. and Pedersen , B. K. 2002 . Exercise-induced immunodepression – plasma glutamine is not the link . Journal of Applied Physiology , 93 : 813 – 822 .
  • Horswill , C. A. 1995 . Effects of bicarbonate, citrate, and phosphate loading on performance . International Journal of Sport Nutrition , 5 ( suppl. ) : S111 – S119 .
  • Ji , L. L. and Peterson , D. M. 2004 . Aging, exercise, and phytochemicals: Promises and pitfalls . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1019 : 453 – 461 .
  • Kovacs , E. M. R. , Stegen , J. H. C. H. and Brouns , F. 1998 . Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 709 – 715 .
  • Kreider , R. B. , Ferreira , M. , Wilson , M. , Grinstaff , P. , Plisk , S. Reinardy , J. 1998 . Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30 : 73 – 82 .
  • Kris-Etherton , P. M. , Lichtenstein , A. H. , Howard , B. V. , Steinberg , D. and Witztum , J. L. 2004 . Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease . Circulation , 110 : 637 – 641 .
  • Lakier , S. L. 2003 . Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: Is this a T helper-1 versus T helper-2 lymphocyte response? . Sports Medicine , 33 : 347 – 364 .
  • Louis , M. , Poortmans , J. R. , Francaux , M. , Berre , J. , Boisseau , N. Brassine , E. 2003a . No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 285 : E1089 – E1094 .
  • Louis , M. , Poortmans , J. R. , Francaux , M. , Hultman , E. , Berre , J. Boisseau , N. 2003b . Creatine supplementation has no effect on human muscle protein turnover at rest in the postabsorptive or fed states . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 284 : E764 – E770 .
  • Louis , M. , Van Beneden , R. , Dehoux , M. , Thissen , J. P. and Francaux , M. 2004 . Creatine increases IGF-I and myogenic regulatory factor mRNA in C(2)C(12) cells . FEBS Letters , 557 : 243 – 247 .
  • Maganaris , C. N. and Maughan , R. J. 1998 . Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 163 : 279 – 287 .
  • Magkos , F. and Kavouras , S. A. 2004 . Caffeine and ephedrine: Physiological, metabolic and performance-enhancing effects . Sports Medicine , 34 : 871 – 889 .
  • Malm , C. , Ekblom , O. and Ekblom , B. 2004 . Immune system alteration in response to two consecutive football games . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 180 : 143 – 155 .
  • Matson , L. G. and Tran , Z. V. 1993 . Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: A meta-analytic review . International Journal of Sports Nutrition , 3 : 2 – 28 .
  • Maughan , R. J. and Griffin , J. 2003 . Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: A review . Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics , 16 : 411 – 420 .
  • McAlindon , T. E. , LaValley , M. P. , Gulin , J. P. and Felson , D. T. 2000 . Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 : 1469 – 1475 .
  • Mujika , I. , Padilla , S. , Ibañez , J. , Izquierdo , M. and Gorostiaga , E. 2000 . Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in football players . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 518 – 525 .
  • Nieman , D. C. 2001 . Exercise immunology: Nutritional countermeasures . Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology , 26 ( suppl. ) : S45 – S55 .
  • Nieman , D. C. , Dumke , C. L. , Henson , D. A. , McAnulty , S. R. , McAnulty , L. S. , Lind , R. H. and Morrow , J. D. 2003 . Immune and oxidative changes during and following the Western States Endurance Run . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 24 : 541 – 547 .
  • Nieman , D. C. , Henson , D. A. , McAnulty , S. R. , McAnulty , L. , Swick , N. S. , Utter , A. C. , Vinci , D. M. , Opiela , S. J. and Morrow , J. D. 2002 . Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes following an ultramarathon . Journal of Applied Physiology , 92 : 1970 – 1977 .
  • Nissen , S. L. and Sharp , R. L. 2003 . Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Physiology , 94 : 651 – 659 .
  • Nissen , S. , Sharp , R. , Ray , M. , Rathmacher , J. A. , Rice , D. Fuller , J. C. Jr. 1996 . Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance-exercise training . Journal of Applied Physiology , 81 : 2095 – 2104 .
  • Parasrampuria , J. , Schwartz , K. and Petesch , R. 1998 . Quality control of dehydroepiandrosterone dietary supplement products . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 : 1565
  • Parr , M. K. , Geyer , H. , Reinhart , U. and Schanzer , W. 2004 . Analytical strategies for the detection of non-labelled anabolic androgenic steroids in nutritional supplements . Food Additives and Contaminants , 21 : 632 – 640 .
  • Pasman , W. J. , Van Baak , M. A. , Jeukendrup , A. E. and de Haan , A. 1995 . The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 16 : 225 – 230 .
  • Pavelka , K. , Gatterova , J. , Olejarova , M. , Machacek , S. , Giacovelli , G. and Rovati , L. C. 2002 . Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: A 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study . Archives of Internal Medicine , 162 : 2113 – 2123 .
  • Pedersen , B. K. and Toft , A. D. 2000 . Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 34 : 246 – 251 .
  • Pittler , M. H. and Ernst , E. 2005 . Complementary therapies for reducing body weight: A systematic review . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders , 29 : 1030 – 1038 .
  • Pittler , M. H. , Schmidt , K. and Ernst , E. 2005 . Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: Systematic review . Obesity Reviews , 6 : 93 – 111 .
  • Poortmans , J. R. , Auquier , H. , Renaut , V. , Durussel , A. , Saugy , M. and Brisson , G. R. 1997 . Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 76 : 566 – 567 .
  • Poortmans , J. R. and Francaux , M. 1999 . Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 1108 – 1110 .
  • Reginster , J. Y. , Deroisy , R. , Rovati , L. C. , Lee , R. L. , Lejeune , E. Bruyere , O. 2001 . Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: A randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial . Lancet , 357 : 251 – 256 .
  • Reilly , T. 2005 . An ergonomics model of the football training process . Journal of Sports Sciences , 23 : 561 – 572 .
  • Robinson , T. M. , Sewell , D. A. , Hultman , E. and Greenhaff , P. L. 1999 . Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle . Journal of Applied Physiology , 87 : 598 – 604 .
  • Saper , R. B. , Eisenberg , D. M. and Phillips , R. S. 2004 . Common dietary supplements for weight loss . American Family Physician , 70 : 1731 – 1738 .
  • Schroeder , C. , Potteiger , J. , Randall , J. , Jacobsen , D. , Magee , L. Benedict , S. 2001 . The effects of creatine dietary supplementation on anterior compartment pressure in the lower leg during rest and following exercise . Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine , 11 : 87 – 95 .
  • Sen , C. K. 2001 . Antioxidants in exercise nutrition . Sports Medicine , 31 : 891 – 908 .
  • Shekelle , P. , Hardy , M. L. , Morton , S. C. , Maglione , M. , Suttorp , M. Roth , E. 2003a . Ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement: Clinical efficacy and side effects . Evidence Report Technological Assessment , : 1 – 4 . (Summ.)
  • Shekelle , P. G. , Hardy , M. L. , Morton , S. C. , Maglione , M. , Mojica , W. A. Suttorp , M. J. 2003b . Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: A meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 1537 – 1545 .
  • Shirreffs , S. M. , Sawka , M. N. and Stone , M. 2006 . Water and electrolyte needs for soccer training and match-play . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 699 – 707 .
  • Steenge , G. R. , Lambourne , J. , Casey , A. , Macdonald , I. A. and Greenhaff , P. L. 1998 . Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 275 : E974 – E979 .
  • Steenge , G. R. , Simpson , E. J. and Greenhaff , P. L. 2000 . Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans . Journal of Applied Physiology , 89 : 1165 – 1171 .
  • Tarnopolsky , M. 1994 . Caffeine and endurance performance . Sports Medicine , 18 : 109 – 125 .
  • Terjung , R. L. , Clarkson , P. M. , Eichner , E. R. , Greenhaff , P. L. , Hespel , P. Israel , R. G. 2000 . The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 706 – 717 .
  • Tipton , K. D. and Wolfe , R. R. 2004 . Protein and amino acids for athletes . Journal of Sports Sciences , 22 : 65 – 79 .
  • Tischler , M. E. , Desautels , M. and Goldberg , A. L. 1982 . Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle? . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 257 : 1613 – 1621 .
  • Urso , M. L. and Clarkson , P. M. 2003 . Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation . Toxicology , 189 : 41 – 54 .
  • Vandebuerie , F. , Vanden Eynde , B. , Vandenberghe , K. and Hespel , P. 1998 . Effect of creatine loading on endurance capacity and sprint power in cyclists . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 83 : 2055 – 2063 .
  • Vandenberghe , K. , Gillis , N. , Van Leemputte , M. , Van Hecke , P. , Vanstapel , F. and Hespel , P. 1996 . Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading . Journal of Applied Physiology , 80 : 452 – 457 .
  • Vandenberghe , K. , Goris , M. , Van Hecke , P. , Van Leemputte , M. , Vangerven , L. and Hespel , P. 1997 . Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training . Journal of Applied Physiology , 83 : 2055 – 2063 .
  • Van Leemputte , M. , Vandenberghe , K. and Hespel , P. 1999 . Shortening of muscle relaxation time after creatine loading . Journal of Applied Physiology , 86 : 840 – 844 .
  • van Loon , L. J. , Murphy , R. , Oosterlaar , A. M. , Cameron-Smith , D. , Hargreaves , M. Wagenmakers , A. J. 2004 . Creatine supplementation increases glycogen storage but not GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle . Clinical Science (London) , 106 : 99 – 106 .
  • Van Soeren , M. H. and Graham , T. E. 1998 . Effect of caffeine on metabolism, exercise endurance and catecholamine responses after withdrawal . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 1493 – 1501 .
  • Van Soeren , M. H. , Sathasivam , P. , Spriet , L. L. and Graham , T. E. 1993 . Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise in users and nonusers . Journal of Applied Physiology , 75 : 805 – 812 .
  • Van Thuyne , W. , Van Eenoo , P. and Delbeke , F. T. 2003 . Urinary concentrations of morphine after the administration of herbal teas containing Papaveris fructus in relation to doping analysis . Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences , 785 : 245 – 251 .
  • Volek , J. S. , Duncan , N. D. , Mazzetti , S. A. , Staron , R. S. , Putukian , M. Gómez , A. L. 1999 . Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : 1147 – 1156 .
  • Walker , J. B. 1979 . Creatine: biosynthesis, regulation, and function . Advances in Enzymology , 50 : 177 – 242 .
  • Watt , K. K. , Garnham , A. P. and Snow , R. J. 2004 . Skeletal muscle total creatine content and creatine transporter gene expression in vegetarians prior to and following creatine supplementation . International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism , 14 : 517 – 531 .
  • Williams , C. and Serratosa , L. 2006 . Nutrition on match day . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 687 – 697 .
  • Wolfe , R. R. 2000 . Protein supplements and exercise . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 72 : 551S – 557S .
  • Ziegenfuss , T. M. , Lowery , L. M. and Lemon , P. W. R. 1998 . Acute fluid volume changes in men during three days of creatine supplementation . Journal of Exercise Physiology , 1 : 1 – 9 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.