The effects of arm crank strategy on physiological responses and mechanical efficiency during submaximal exercise

References

• Abel , T. , Vega , S. R. , Bleicher , I. and Platen , P. 2003 . Handbiking: Physiological responses to synchronous and asynchronous crank montage . European Journal of Sport Science , 3 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Binkhorst , R. A. and Vissers , A. C. A. 1988 . The influence of flywheel mass and crank length during arm cranking , Erlangen : Perimed Fachbuch .
   Google Scholar
• Borg , G. A. V. 1982 . Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 14 : 377 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdon , P. 2000 . “ Blood lactate transition thresholds: Concepts and controversies ” . In Physiological tests for elite athletes , Edited by: Gorse , C. 50 – 65 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , I. G. , Williams , C. and Lakomy , H. K. A. 1997 . Physiological responses of wheelchair athletes at percentages of top speed . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 31 : 36 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallmeijer , A. J. , Ottjes , L. , de Waardt , E. and van der Woude , L. H. V. 2004 . A physiological comparison of synchronous and asynchronous hand cycling . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 25 : 622 – 626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser , R. M. , Sawka , M. N. , Young , R. E. and Suryaprasad , A. G. 1980 . Applied physiology for wheelchair design . Journal of Applied Physiology , 48 : 41 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardison , G. T. Jr. and Israel , R. G. 1987 . Physiological responses to different cranking rates during submaximal arm ergometry in paraplegic males . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 4 : 94 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Hicks , A. L. , Martin , K. A. , Ditor , D. S. , Latimer , A. E. , Craven , C. Bugaresti , J. 2003 . Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: Effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being . Spinal Cord , 41 : 34 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintzy , F. and Tordi , N. 2004 . Mechanical efficiency during hand-rim wheelchair propulsion: Effects of base-line subtraction and power output . Clinical Biomechanics , 19 : 343 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopman , M. T. E. , van Teeffelen , W. M. , Brouwer , J. , Houtman , S. and Binkhorst , R. A. 1995 . Physiological responses to asynchronous and synchronous arm-cranking exercise . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 72 : 111 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , T. W. J. , Dallmeijer , A. J. and van der Woude , L. H. V. 2001 . Physical capacity and race performance of handcycle users . Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 38 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marais , G. , Dupont , L. , Maillet , M. , Weissland , T. , Vanvelcenaher , J. and Pelayo , P. 2002 . Cardiorespiratory and efficiency responses during arm and leg exercises with spontaneously chosen crank and pedal rates . Ergonomics , 45 : 631 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martel , G. M. , Noreau , L. and Jobin , J. 1991 . Physiological responses to maximal exercise on arm cranking and wheelchair ergometer with paraplegics . Paraplegia , 29 : 447 – 456 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mossberg , K. , Willman , C. , Topor , M. A. , Crook , H. and Patak , S. 1999 . Comparison of asynchronous versus synchronous arm crank ergometry . Spinal Cord , 37 : 569 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peronnet , F. and Massicotte , D. 1991 . Table of non-protein respiratory quotient: An update . Canadian Journal of Sport Science , 16 : 23 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price , M. J. and Campbell , I. G. 1997 . Determination of peak oxygen uptake during upper body exercise . Ergonomics , 40 : 491 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotstein , A. , Sagiv , M. , Ben-Sira , D. , Werber , G. , Hutzler , J. and Annenburg , H. 1994 . Aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold of wheelchair basketball players . Paraplegia , 32 : 196 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Sabick , M. B. , Kotajarvi , B. R. and Kai-Nan , An . 2004 . A new method to quantify demand on the upper extremity during manual wheelchair propulsion . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 85 : 1151 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , P. M. , Price , M. J. and Doherty , M. 2001 . The influence of crank rate on peak oxygen consumption during arm crank ergometry . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 955 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Woude , L. H. V. , Bosmans , I. , Bervoets , B. and Veeger , H. H. J. 2000 . Handcycling: Different modes and gear ratios . Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology , 24 : 242 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Woude , L. H. V. , Veeger , H. E. J. , Dallmeijer , A. J. , Janssen , T. W. J. and Rozendal , L. A. 2001a . Biomechanics and physiology in active manual wheelchair propulsion . Medical Engineering and Physics , 23 : 713 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Woude , L. H. V. , Veeger , H. E. J. , Dallmeijer , A. J. , Janssen , T. W. J. and Veeger , H. H. J. 2001b . Alternative modes of manual wheelchair ambulation: An overview . American Journal of Physical Rehabilitation Medicine , 80 : 765 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verellen , J. , Theisen , D. and Vanlandewijck , Y. 2004 . Influence of crank rate in hand cycling . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 36 : 1826 – 1831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolford , S. M. , Withers , R. T. , Craig , N. P. , Bourdon , P. C. , Stanef , T. and McKenzie , I. 1999 . Effect of pedal cadence on the accumulated oxygen deficit, maximal aerobic power and blood lactate transition thresholds of high-performance junior cyclists . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 80 : 285 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar