Validity and reliability of a new method for measuring putting stroke kinematics using the TOMI® system

References

• Abdel-Aziz , Y. I. and Karara , H. M. 1971 . “ Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry ” . In Proceedings of the Symposium on Close-Range Photogrammetry , 1 – 18 . Falls Church, VA : American Society of Photogrammetry .
   Google Scholar
• Aksamit , G. and Husak , W. 1983 . Feedback influences on the skill of putting . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 56 : 19 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , D. L. and Kern , W. 2005 . Drive for show and putt for dough? . Journal of Sports Economics , 6 : 46 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Altman , D. G. and Bland , J. M. 1983 . Measurement in medicine: The analysis of method comparison studies . The Statistician , 32 : 307 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , G. and Nevill , A. M. 1998 . Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine . Sports Medicine , 26 : 217 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland , J. M. and Altman , D. G. 1986 . Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement . Lancet , 1 : 307 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnahan , J. V. 2002 . “ Experimental study of effects of distance, slope and break on putting performance for active golfers ” . In Science and Golf IV: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Thain , E. 113 – 126 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , A. J. and Stobbs , J. 1968 . The search for the perfect swing , London : Morrison & Gibb .
   Google Scholar
• Coffey , B. , Mathison , T. , Viker , M. , Reichow , A. , Hogan , C. and Pelz , D. 1990 . “ Visual alignment considerations in golf putting consistency ” . In Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Cochran , A. J. 76 – 80 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , S. G. and Rankin , A. J. 2005 . A three-dimensional examination of the planar nature of the golf swing . Journal of Sports Sciences , 23 : 227 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , C. M. , Delay , D. , Grealy , M. A. and Lee , D. N. 2000 . Guiding the swing in golf putting . Nature , 405 : 295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delay , D. , Nougier , V. , Orliaguet , J.-P. and Coello , Y. 1997 . Movement control in golf putting . Human Movement Science , 16 : 597 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoksen , E. , Tonnessen , E. and Shalfawi , S. 2009 . Validity and reliability of the Newtest Powertimer 300-series testing system . Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairweather , M. M. , Button , C. and Rae , I. 2002 . “ A critical examination of motor control and transfer issues in putting ” . In Science and Golf IV: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Thain , E. 100 – 112 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Filmalter , M. , Noizet , P. , Poppel , E. and Murthi , B. P. 2008 . “ Motor strategy disturbances in golf: The effect of “yips” on the movement of the putter head ” . In Science and Golf V: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Crews , D. and Lutz , R. 352 – 359 . Mesa, AZ : Energy in Motion, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gott , E. A. and McGown , C. 1988 . The effects of a combination of stances and points of aim on putting accuracy . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 66 : 139 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamill , J. , Caldwell , G. E. and Derrick , T. R. 1997 . Reconstructing digital signals using Shannon's sampling theorem . Journal of Applied Biomechanics , 13 : 226 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy , L. , Mullen , R. and Jones , G. 1996 . Knowledge and conscious control of motor actions under stress . British Journal of Psychology , 87 : 621 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , P. A. , Keogh , J. and Reid , D. 2005 . The role of biomechanics in maximising distance and accuracy of golf shots . Sports Medicine , 35 : 429 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikura , T. 2008 . Reduced relative frequency of knowledge of results without visual feedback in learning a golf-putting task . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 106 : 225 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsen , J. and Nilsson , J. 2008 . “ A new method to record aiming in golf putting – applied to elite players ” . In Science and Golf V: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Crews , D. and Lutz , R. 395 – 401 . Mesa, AZ : Energy in Motion, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen , J. , Smith , G. and Nilsson , J. 2008 . The stroke has only a minor influence on direction consistency in golf putting among elite players . Journal of Sports Sciences , 26 : 243 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. D. , Ishikura , T. , Kegel , S. , Gonzalez , D. and Passmore , S. 2008 . Head-putter coordination patterns in expert and less skilled golfers . Journal of Motor Behavior , 40 : 267 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , J. 2008 . “ An analysis of eye and club face alignment at address in putting ” . In Science and Golf V: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Crews , D. and Lutz , R. 202 – 207 . Mesa, AZ : Energy in Motion, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , S. J. and Sprigings , E. J. 2005 . Evaluation of the plumb-bob method for reading greens in putting . Journal of Sports Sciences , 23 : 81 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt , C. and Fischer , M. 2008 . “ Movement kinematics of the golfer's “yips” . In Science and Golf V: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Crews , D. and Lutz , R. 216 – 223 . Mesa, AZ : Energy in Motion, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• McGlynn , F. G. , Jones , R. and Kerwin , D. G. 1990 . “ A laser based putting alignment test ” . In Science and Golf: Proceedings of the First World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Cochran , A J. 70 – 75 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Meacci , W. G. and Pastore , D. L. 1995 . Effects of occluded vision and imagery on putting golf balls . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 80 : 179 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal , R. J. and Wilson , B. D. 1985 . 3D kinematics and kinetics of the golf swing . International Journal of Sports Biomechanics , 1 : 221 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , J. and Karlsen , J. 2006 . A new device for evaluating distance and directional performance of golf putters . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 143 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelz , D. 1994 . “ A study of golfers' abilities to read greens ” . In Science and Golf II: Proceedings of the 1994 World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Cochran , A. J. and Farrally , M. R. 180 – 185 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Pelz , D. and Frank , J. A. 2000 . Dave Pelz's putting bible , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• PGA Tour . 2009a . 2008 PGA TOUR scoring average (actual) Retrieved July 27 2009, from, http://www.pgatour.com/r/stats/info/xm.html?108
   Google Scholar
• PGA Tour . 2009b . 2008 PGA TOUR putts per round Retrieved July 27 2009, from, http://www.pgatour.com/r/stats/info/xm.html?108
   Google Scholar
• Potts , A. D. and Roach , N. K. 2002 . “ Putting alignment in golf: A laser based evaluation ” . In Science and Golf IV: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Thain , E. 142 – 150 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , D. GE. , Caldwell , G. E. , Hamill , J. , Kamen , G. and Whittlesey , S. N. 2004 . Research methods in biomechanics , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. R. , Neumann , D. L. and Hooper , S. L. 2008 . “ Attentional focus and putting performance at different levels of skill development ” . In Science and Golf V: Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf , Edited by: Crews , D. and Lutz , R. 224 – 231 . Mesa, AZ : Energy in Motion, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , J. N. 1992 . Gaze control in putting . Perception , 21 : 117 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner , F. D. and Greig , R. C. 2000 . How golf clubs really work and how to optimize their designs , Jackson, WY : Origin, Inc .
   Google Scholar