Digit ratio (2D:4D) and performance in elite rugby players

References

• Allaway , H. C. , Bloski , T. G. , Pierson , R. A. and Lujan , M. E. 2009 . Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies and printed scans . American Journal of Human Biology , 21 : 365 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , S. A. , Bryk , K. K. , Nowak , N. , Quigley , C. A. and Moffat , S. 2009 . Fingers as a marker of prenatal androgen exposure . Endocrinology , 150 : 5119 – 5124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bescos , R. , Esteve , M. , Portia , J. , Mateu , M. , Irurtia , A. and Voracek , M. 2009 . Prenatal programming of sporting success: Associations of digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker for prenatal androgen action, with world rankings in female fencers . Journal Sports Sciences , 27 : 625 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , W. M. , Hines , M , Fane , B. A. and Breedlove , S. M. 2002 . Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones and Behaviour , 42 : 380 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burriss , R. P. , Little , A. C. and Nelson , E. C. 2007 . 2D:4D and sexually dimorphic facial characteristics . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 36 : 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caswell , N. and Manning , J. T. 2009 . A comparison of finger 2D:4D by self-report direct measurement and experimenter measurement from photocopy: Methodological issues . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 38 : 143 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates , J. M. , Gurnell , M. and Rustichini , A. 2009 . Second-to-fourth digit ratio predicts success among high-frequency financial traders . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 106 : 623 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink , B. , Thanzami , V. , Seydel , H. and Manning , J. T. 2006 . Digit ratio and hand-grip strength in German and Mizos men: Cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength . American Journal of Human Biology , 18 : 776 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galis , F. , Ten Broek , C. M. A. , Van Dongen , S. and Wijnaendts , L. C. D. 2009 . Sexual dimorphism in the prenatal digit ratio (2D:4D) . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 39 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp , J. , Bartholdt , L. , Beier , L. and Liebert , A. 2007 . Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 32 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp , J. , Manning , J. T. and Muller , C. 2006 . Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness in males and females: Evidence for effects of prenatal androgens on sexually selected traits . Hormones and Behaviour , 49 : 545 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp , J. and Schuster , M. 2010 . A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: Substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other . Personality and Individual Differences , 1 : 4 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malas , M. A. , Dogan , S. , Evcil , E. H. and Desdicioglu , K. 2006 . Fetal development of the hands, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D) . Early Human Development , 82 : 469 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. 2002 . Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior and health , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. 2008 . Finger ratio , London : Faber & Faber .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. and Bundred , P. E. 2001 . The ratio of second to fourth digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: A link with testosterone? . British Journal of Cardiology , 8 : 720 – 723 .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Bundred , P. E. , Newton , D. J. and Flanagan , B. F. 2003 . The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene . Evolution and Human Behaviour , 24 : 399 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Churchill , A. J. G. and Peters , M. 2007a . The effects of sex, ethnicity and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D) . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 36 : 223 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Fink , B. , Neave , N. and Caswell , N. 2005 . Photocopies yield lower digit ratios (2D:4D) than direct finger measurements . Archives of Sexual Behaviour , 34 : 329 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. and Hill , M. R. 2008 . Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys . American Journal of Human Biology , 21 : 210 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Morris , L. and Caswell , N. 2007b . Endurance running and digit ratio (2D:4D): Implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health . American Journal of Human Biology , 19 : 416 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Scutt , D. , Wilson , J. and Lewis-Jones , D. I. 1998 . The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A predictor of sperm numbers and levels of testosterone, LH and oestrogen . Human Reproduction , 13 : 3000 – 3004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. and Taylor , R. P. 2001 . Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: Implications for sexual selection in humans . Evolution and Human Behaviour , 22 : 61 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , M. , Ellison , P. T. , Lieberman , D. E. , Demerath , E. and Towne , B. 2005 . The development of sex differences in digital formula from infancy in the Fels Longitudinal Study . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 272 : 1473 – 1479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okten , A. , Kalyonku , M. and Yaris , N. 2002 . The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency . Early Human Development , 70 : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olds , T. 2001 . The evolution of physique in male rugby union players in the twentieth century . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 253 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdogmus , O. , Cakmak , Y. O. , Coskun , M. , Verimli , U. , Cavdar , S. and Uzun , I. 2010 . The high 2D:4D finger length ratio effects on atherosclerotic plaque development . Atherosclerosis , 209 : 195 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , S. N. , Kato , B. S. , Hunkin , J. L. , Vivekanandan , S. and Spector , T. D. 2006 . The big finger: The second to fourth digit ratio is a predictor of sporting ability in women . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 40 : 981 – 983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokrywka , L. , Rachon , D. , Suchecka-Rachon , K. and Bitel , L. 2005 . The second to fourth digit ratio in elite and non-elite female athletes . American Journal of Human Biology , 17 : 796 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talarovicova , A. , Krskova , L. and Blazekova , J. 2009 . Testosterone enhancement during pregnancy influences the 2D:4D ratio and open field motor activity of rat siblings in adulthood . Hormones and Behaviour , 55 : 235 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tester , N. and Campbell , A. 2007 . Sporting achievement: What is the contribution of digit ratio? . Journal of Personality , 75 : 663 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivers , R. , Manning , J. T. and Jacobson , A. 2006 . A longitudinal study of digit ratio (2D:4D) and other finger ratios in Jamaican children . Hormones and Behaviour , 49 : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar