A cross-sectional examination of the physical fitness and selected health attributes of recreational all-terrain vehicle riders and off-road motorcyclists

References

• Ainsworth , B. E. , Haskell , W. L. , Whitt , M. C. , Irwin , M. L. , Swartz , A. M. Strath , S. J. 2000 . Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 ( suppl. ) : S498 – S504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , B. E. , Richardson , R. T. , Jacobs , D. R. and Leon , A. S. 1993 . Prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness using physical activity questionnaire data . Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition and Health , 24 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine . 1998 . ACSM Position Stand: The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30 : 975 – 991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardern , C. I. , Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Janssen , I. , Leon , A. S. , Wilmore , J. H. Skinner , J. S. 2004 . Race and sex similarities in exercise-induced changes in blood lipids and fatness . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 36 : 1610 – 1615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardern , C. I. , Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Janssen , I. and Ross , R. 2003 . Discrimination of health risk by combined body mass index and waist circumference . Obesity Research , 11 : 135 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ascensao , A. , Ferreira , R. , Marques , F. , Oliveira , E. , Azevedo , V. Soares , J. 2007 . Effect of off-road competitive motocross race on plasma oxidative stress and damage markers . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 41 : 101 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard , R. L. , Kaminsky , L. A. , Whaley , M. H. and Zajakowski , S. 1997 . Evaluation of lipid profile measurements obtained from the Cholestech L.D.X analyzer . Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , 17 : 413 – 418 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouchard , C. and Rankinen , T. 2001 . Individual differences in response to regular physical activity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 33 ( suppl. ) : S446 – S451 . discussion S452–S453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr , J. F. , Jamnik , R. K. , Baker , J. , Macpherson , A. , Gledhill , N. and McGuire , E. J. 2008 . Relationship of physical fitness test results and hockey playing potential in elite-level ice hockey players . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 22 : 1535 – 1543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr , J. F. , Jamnik , V. K. , Shaw , J. A. and Gledhill , N. 2010 . Physiological demands of off-road vehicle riding . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 42 : 1345 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Hypertension Education Program . 2008 . 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations: An annual update . Canadian Family Physician , 54 : 1539 – 1542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . 2004 . The Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach , 3rd edn , 1 – 57 . Ottawa, Ontario : CSEP H&FP .
   Google Scholar
• Church , T. S. , Kuk , J. L. , Ross , R. , Priest , E. L. , Biltoft , E. and Blair , S. N. 2006 . Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Gastroenterology , 130 : 2023 – 2030 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research . 2009 . Fitness assessments and norms , Dallas, TX : Cooper Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Criqui , M. H. and Golomb , B. A. 1998 . Epidemiologic aspects of lipid abnormalities . American Journal of Medicine , 105 : 48S – 57S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Despres , J. P. , Moorjani , S. , Lupien , P. J. , Tremblay , A. , Nadeau , A. and Bouchard , C. 1990 . Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease . Arteriosclerosis (Dallas, Texas) , 10 : 497 – 511 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford , E. S. 2005 . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S . Diabetes Care , 28 : 2745 – 2749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster , V. , Gotto , A. M. , Libby , P. , Loscalzo , J. and McGill , H. C. 1996 . 27th Bethesda Conference: Matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 1. Pathogenesis of coronary disease: The biologic role of risk factors . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 27 : 964 – 976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbi , A. W. , Francisco , R. A. , Tuy , B. and Kvitne , R. S. 2005 . Physiological characteristics of top level off-road motorcyclists . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 39 : 927 – 931 . discussion 931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskell , W. L. , Lee , I. M. , Pate , R. R. , Powell , K. E. , Blair , S. N. Franklin , B. A. 2007 . Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 39 : 1423 – 1434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyward , V. H. 2002 . Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription , (4th edn.) , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Church , T. S. and Blair , S. N. 2004 . Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men . Archives of Internal Medicine , 164 : 1092 – 1097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keir , P. J. , Jamnik , V. K. and Gledhill , N. 2003 . Technical-methodological report: A nomogram for peak leg power output in the vertical jump . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 17 : 701 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinosian , B. , Glick , H. and Garland , G. 1994 . Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: Predicting risks by levels and ratios . Annals of Internal Medicine , 121 : 641 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konttinen , T. , Hakkinen , K. and Kyrolainen , H. 2007 . Cardiopulmonary loading in motocross riding . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 995 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konttinen , T. , Kyrolainen , H. and Hakkinen , K. 2008 . Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses to motocross riding . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 22 : 202 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon , A. S. , Rice , T. , Mandel , S. , Despres , J. P. , Bergeron , J. Gagnon , J. 2000 . Blood lipid response to 20 weeks of supervised exercise in a large biracial population: The HERITAGE Family Study . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental , 49 : 513 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokdad , A. H. , Ford , E. S. , Bowman , B. A. , Dietz , W. H. , Vinicor , F. Bales , V. S. 2003 . Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 76 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute . 2001 . Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) , Bethesda, MD : NIH .
   Google Scholar
• Noland , R. C. , Thyfault , J. P. , Henes , S. T. , Whitfield , B. R. , Woodlief , T. L. Evans , J. R. 2007 . Artificial selection for high-capacity endurance running is protective against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance . American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism , 293 : E31 – E41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , N. , Gledhill , N. , Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Jamnik , V. K. and Keir , P. J. 2000 . Canadian musculoskeletal fitness norms . Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology , 25 : 430 – 442 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson , S. A. and Minter , A. 1996 . A study of some anthropometric characteristics of motorcycle riders . Applied Ergonomics , 27 : 223 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , R. , Dagnone , D. , Jones , P. J. , Smith , H. , Paddags , A. Hudson , R. 2000 . Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: A randomized, controlled trial . Annals of Internal Medicine , 133 : 92 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seals , D. R. , Allen , W. K. , Hurley , B. F. , Dalsky , G. P. , Ehsani , A. A. and Hagberg , J. M. 1984 . Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in older endurance athletes . American Journal of Cardiology , 54 : 390 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishehbor , M. H. , Gordon-Larsen , P. , Kiefe , C. I. and Litaker , D. 2008 . Association of neighborhood socioeconomic status with physical fitness in healthy young adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study . American Heart Journal , 155 : 699 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , P. D. , Buchner , D. , Pina , I. L. , Balady , G. J. , Williams , M. A. Marcus , B. H. 2003 . Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity) . Circulation , 107 : 3109 – 3116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton , D. E. , Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Rhodes , R. E. and Shephard , R. J. 2007 . Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 98 ( suppl. 2 ) : S16 – S68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton , D. E. , Nicol , C. W. and Bredin , S. S. 2006 . Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 174 : 801 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , M. , Kampert , J. B. , Barlow , C. E. , Nichaman , M. Z. , Gibbons , L. W. Paffenbarger , R. S. Jr. 1999 . Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 1547 – 1553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. T. 2009 . Incident hypercholesterolemia in relation to changes in vigorous physical activity . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 41 : 74 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisloff , U. , Najjar , S. M. , Ellingsen , O. , Haram , P. M. , Swoap , S. Al-Share , Q. 2005 . Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity . Science , 307 ( 5708 ) : 418 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar