Body composition assessment of English Premier League soccer players: a comparative DXA analysis of first team, U21 and U18 squads

References

• Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36, 278–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsborough, J. C., Greenway, K., Opar, D., Livingstone, S., Cordy, J. T., Bird, S., & Coutts, A. J. (2014). Comparison of anthropometry, upper body strength and lower body power characteristics in different levels of Australian Football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsborough, J. C., Greenway, K., Opar, D., Livingstone, S., Cordy, J. T., & Coutts, A.J. (2014). The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32, 1821–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camera, D. M., West, D. W., Phillips, S. M., Rerecich, T., Stellingwerff, T., Hawley, J. A., & Coffey, V. G. (2015). Protein ingestion increases myofibrillar protein synthesis after concurrent exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(1), 82–91. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., & Womersley, J. (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32, 77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, E., Reilly, T., Chantler, P., & Lawlor, J. (2006). Body composition before and after six weeks pre-season training in professional football players. In M. Marfell-Jones, A. Stewart, & T. Olds (Eds.), Kinanthropometry IX (pp. 123–130). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, E., Wallace, J., Reilly, T., Chantler, P., & Lawlor, J. (2006). Body composition and bone mineral density changes during a premier league season as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. International Journal of Body Composition Research, 4, 61–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G. (2006). Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic. Sport Science, 10, 46–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan-Evans, C., Close, G. L., & Morton, J. P. (2011). Making weight in combat sports. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33, 25–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, R. S., Faigenbaum, A. D., Stone, M. H., Oliver, J. L., Jeffreys, I., Moody, J. A., … Myer, G. D. (2014). Position statement on youth resistance training: The 2014 International Consensus. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 498–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina, R. M., Pena-Reyes, M. E., Eisenmann, J. C., Horta, L., Rodrigues, J., & Miller, R. (2000). Height, mass and skeletal maturity of elite Portuguese soccer players aged 11-16 years. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 685–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matković, B. R., Misigoj-Duraković, M., Matković, B., Janković, S., Ruzić, L., Leko, G., & Kondric, M. (2003). Morphological differences of elite Croatian soccer players according to the team position. Journal of the Croatian Anthropological Society, 27, 167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Milsom, J., Barreria, P., Burgess, D. J., Iqbal, Z., & Morton, J. P. (2014). Case-Study: Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in a Premier League soccer player during rehabilitation from ACL injury. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24, 543–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. P., Robertson, C., Sutton, L., & MacLaren, D. P. (2010). Making the weight: A case study from professional boxing. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20, 80–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott, J. W., Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Allison, D. B., Heymsfield, S. B., & Pierson Jnr, R. N. (1999). Relation between body fat and age in 4 ethnic groups. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69, 1007–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Burke, L. M. (2012). Effects of daily activities on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of body composition in active people. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44, 180–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Burke, L. M. (2013). Effects of exercise sessions on DXA measurements of body composition in active people. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45, 178–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Hopkins, W. G., Halson, S. L., Martin, D. T., West, N. P., & Burke, L. M. (2014). Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, S. M. (2014). A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 44, S71–S77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, T., George, K., Marfell-Jones, M., Scott, M., Sutton, L., & Wallace, J. A. (2009). How well do skinfold equations predict percent body fat in elite soccer players? International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 607–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Sanchez, N., & Galloway, S. D. R. (2014). Errors in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry estimation of body composition induced by hypohydration. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, D. A., Dawson, J. A., Matias, C. N., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Allison, D. B., Sardinha, L. B., Silva A. M., & Votruba, S. B. (2014). Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes. PLoS One, 9, e97846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, L., Scott, M., Wallace, J., & Reilly, T. (2009). Body composition of English Premier League soccer players: Influence of playing position, international status, and ethnicity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1019–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, E. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2009). Requirements for ethics approvals. Journal of Sports Science, 27, 985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers, R. T., Laforgia, J., Pillans, R. K., Shipp, N. J., Chatterton, B. E., Schultz, C. G., & Leaney, F. (1998). Comparisons of two-, three-, and four-compartment models of body composition analysis in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrigley, R. D., Drust, B., Stratton, G., Atkinson, G., & Gregson, W. (2014). Long-term soccer-specific training enhances the rate of physical development of academy soccer players independent of maturation status. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(13), 1090–1094. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar