References
- Berg, T. (2014). Why are baseball games getting so much longer? | For the win. USA Today. Retrieved April 15, 2015, from http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play
- Bigland-Ritchie, B. (1981). EMG/force relations and fatigue of human voluntary contractions. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 9(1), 75–118.
- DiGiovine, N. M., Jobe, F. W., Pink, M., & Perry, J. (1992). An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 1(1), 15–25. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80011-6
- Dillman, C. J., Smutz, P., & Werner, S. L. (1991). Valgus extension overload in baseball pitching. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 23(Suppl 4), S135.
- Dines, J. S., Frank, J. B., Akerman, M., & Yocum, L. A. (2009). Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(3), 566–570. doi:10.1177/0363546508326712
- Escamilla, R. F., Barrentine, S. W., Fleisig, G. S., Zheng, N., Takada, Y., Kingsley, D., & Andrews, J. R. (2007). Pitching biomechanics as a pitcher approaches muscular fatigue during a simulated baseball game. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(1), 23–33. doi:10.1177/0363546506293025
- Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Barrentine, S. W., Zheng, N., & Andrews, J. R. (1998). Kinematic comparisons of throwing different types of baseball pitches. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14(1), 1–23.
- Fleisig, G. S., Andrews, J. R., Dillman, C. J., & Escamilla, R. F. (1995). Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(2), 233–239. doi:10.1177/036354659502300218
- Frey Law, L. A., & Avin, K. G. (2010). Endurance time is joint-specific: a modelling and meta-analysis investigation. Ergonomics, 53(1), 109–129.
- Frey-Law, L. A., Looft, J. M., & Heitsman, J. (2012). A three-compartment muscle fatigue model accurately predicts joint-specific maximum endurance times for sustained isometric tasks. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(10), 1803–1808.
- Fuglevand, A. J., Winter, D. A., & Patla, A. E. (1993). Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools. Journal of Neurophysiology, 70(6), 2470–2488.
- Gibson, B. W., Webner, D., Huffman, G. R., & Sennett, B. J. (2007). Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 575–581. doi:10.1177/0363546506296737
- Glousman, R. E., Barron, J., Jobe, F. W., Perry, J., & Pink, M. (1992). An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in normal and injured pitchers with medial collateral ligament insufficiency. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 311–317. doi:10.1177/036354659202000313
- Haff, G. G., Stone, M., O'Bryant, H. S., Harman, E., Dinan, C., Johnson, R., & Han, K. H. (1997). Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(4), 269–272.
- Hagberg, M. (1981). Work load and fatigue in repetitive arm elevations. Ergonomics, 24(7), 543–555.
- Hamilton, C. D., Glousman, R. E., Jobe, F. W., Brault, J., Pink, M., & Perry, J. (1996). Dynamic stability of the elbow: Electromyographic analysis of the flexor pronator group and the extensor group in pitchers with valgus instability. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery/American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons … [et al.], 5(5), 347–354. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(96)80065-6
- Hiemstra, L. A., Lo, I. K. Y., & Fowler, P. J. (2001). Effect of fatigue on knee proprioception: Implications for dynamic stabilization. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 31(10), 598–605. doi:10.2519/jospt.2001.31.10.598
- Holmes, M. W. R., & Keir, P. J. (2014). Muscle contributions to elbow joint rotational stiffness in preparation for sudden external arm perturbations. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 30(2), 282–289.
- Imbeau, D., & Farbos, B. (2006). Percentile values for determining maximum endurance times for static muscular work. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36(2), 99–108.
- Jobe, F. W., Moynes, D. R., Tibone, J. E., & Perry, J. (1984). An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching: A second report. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(3), 218–220. doi:10.1177/036354658401200310
- Looft, J. (2014). Adaptation and validation of an analytical localized muscle fatigue model for workplace tasks. Theses and Dissertations, University of Iowa. Retrieved from http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1482/
- Manenica, I. (1986). A technique for postural load assessment. In The ergonomics of working postures (pp. 270–277). London: Taylor & Francis.
- Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Sadoyama, T., Inaki, M., & Katsuta, S. (1999). Changes in surface EMG parameters during static and dynamic fatiguing contractions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 9(1), 39–46.
- Miller, A. E., MacDougall, J. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Sale, D. G. (1993). Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 66, 254–262. doi:10.1007/BF00235103
- Morrey, B. F., Tanaka, S., & An, K. N. (1989). Valgus stability of the elbow: A definition of primary and secondary constraints. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 255, 187–195.
- Mullaney, M. J., McHugh, M. P., Donofrio, T. M., & Nicholas, S. J. (2005). Upper and lower extremity muscle fatigue after a baseball pitching performance. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(1), 108–113.
- Olsen, S. J., Fleisig, G. S., Dun, S., Loftice, J., & Andrews, J. R. (2006). Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(6), 905–912. doi:10.1177/0363546505284188
- Pappas, A. M., Zawacki, R. M., & Sullivan, T. J. (1985). Biomechanics of baseball pitching: A preliminary report. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(4), 216–222. doi:10.1177/036354658501300402
- Park, M. C., & Ahmad, C. S. (2004a). Dynamic contributions of the flexor-pronator mass to elbow valgus stability. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 86-A(10), 2268–2274.
- Petti, B. (2012, April 30). Pitcher aging curves: Introduction. Retrieved May 1, 2015, from http://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/pitcher-aging-curves-introduction/
- Posner, M., Cameron, K. L., Wolf, J. M., Belmont, P. J., & Owens, B. D. (2011). Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 1676–1680. doi:10.1177/0363546511411700
- Potvin, J. R. (2012). Predicting maximum acceptable efforts for repetitive tasks an equation based on duty cycle. Human factors. The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 54(2), 175–188.
- Ribeiro, F., Mota, J., & Oliveira, J. (2007). Effect of exercise-induced fatigue on position sense of the knee in the elderly. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(4), 379–385. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0357-8
- Rohmert, W. (1973). Problems in determining rest allowances: Part 1: Use of modern methods to evaluate stress and strain in static muscular work. Applied ergonomics, 4(2), 91–95.
- Schulz, R., Musa, D., Staszewski, J., & Siegler, R. S. (1994). The relationship between age and Major League Baseball performance: Implications for development. Psychology and Aging, 9(2), 274–286. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.274
- Sharpe, M., & Miles, T. (1993). Position sense at the elbow after fatiguing contractions. Experimental Brain Research, 94(1). doi:10.1007/BF00230480
- Sisto, D. J., Jobe, F. W., Moynes, D. R., & Antonelli, D. J. (1986). An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in pitching. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(February), 260–263. doi:10.1177/036354658701500314
- Skinner, H. B., Wyatt, M. P., Hodgdon, J. A., Conard, D. W., & Barrack, R. (1986). Effect of fatigue on joint position sense of the knee. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 4(1), 112–118. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1554-527X
- Sonne, M., & Potvin, J. (2015a). A modified version of the three-compartment model to predict fatigue during submaximal tasks with complex force-time histories. Ergonomics, 1–14. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1051597
- Sonne, M., & Potvin, J. (2015b). Fatigue accumulation and twitch potentiation during complex MVC-relative profiles. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 25, 658–666. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.005
- Stokes, I. A. F., & Gardner-Morse, M. G. (2000). Strategies used to stabilize the elbow joint challenged by inverted pendulum loading. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(6), 737–743. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00016-6
- Udall, J. H., Fitzpatrick, M. J., McGarry, M. H., Leba, T. B., & Lee, T. Q. (2009). Effects of flexor-pronator muscle loading on valgus stability of the elbow with an intact, stretched, and resected medial ulnar collateral ligament. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 18(5), 773–778. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.03.008
- Wang, L. H., Lo, K. C., Jou, I. M., Kuo, L. C., Tai, T. W., & Su, F. C. (2015). The effects of forearm fatigue on baseball fastball pitching, with implications about elbow injury. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–8. doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1101481
- Werner, S. L., Fleisig, G. S., Dillman, C. J., & Andrews, J. R. (1993). Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 17(6), 274–278. doi:10.2519/jospt.1993.17.6.274
- Xia, T., & Frey Law, L. A. (2008). A theoretical approach for modeling peripheral muscle fatigue and recovery. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(14), 3046–3052. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.07.013
- Yasui, K., Mihata, T., Takeda, A., Watanabe, C., & Kinoshita, M. (2012). A new manual method for assessing elbow valgus laxity. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology, 4(1), 11. doi:10.1186/1758-2555-4-11
- Yung, M., Mathiassen, S. E., & Wells, R. P. (2012). Variation of force amplitude and its effects on local fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(11), 3865–3879.