760
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Physical Activity for Health

The physical education predisposition scale: Preliminary tests of reliability and validity in Australian students

, &
Pages 384-392 | Accepted 09 Mar 2017, Published online: 30 Mar 2017

References

  • Arundell, L., Ridgers, N. D., Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Hinkley, T., & Timperio, A. (2013). 5-year changes in afterschool physical activity and sedentary behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44, 605–611. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.029
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian health survey: Physical activity, 2011–12. Canberra: ABS.
  • Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2015). My School fact sheet - Guide to understanding ICSEA (Index of Community Socioeducational Advantage) values. Retrieved from https://acaraweb.blob.core.windows.net/resources/Guide_to_understanding_icsea_values.pdf
  • Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2016). Foundation to year 10 curriculum, health and physical education rationale. Retrieved from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/health-and-physical-education/rationale
  • Babic, M. J., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Lonsdale, C., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Physical activity and physical self-concept in youth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44, 1589–1601. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z
  • Bangsbo, J., Krustrup, P., Duda, J., Hillman, C., Andersen, L. B., Weiss, M., & Elbe, A.-M. (2016). The Copenhagen consensus conference 2016: Children, youth, and physical activity in schools and during leisure time. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 1177–1178. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096325
  • Baranowski, T., Cullen, K. W., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D., & Baranowski, J. (2003). Are current health behavioural change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity Research, 11, 23S–43S. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.222
  • Barkoukis, V., Ntoumanis, N., & Thogersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). Developmental changes in achievement motivation and affect in physical education: Growth trajectories and demographic differences. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 83–90. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.04.008
  • Barr-Anderson, D. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Schmitz, K. H., Ward, D. S., Conway, T. L., Pratt, C., … Pate, R. R. (2008). But I like PE: Factors associated with enjoyment of physical education class in middle school girls. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79, 18–27.
  • Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 886–895. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
  • Bois, J. E., Sarrazin, P. G., Brustad, R. J., Trouilloud, D. O., & Cury, F. (2002). Mothers’ expectancies and young adolescents’ perceived physical competence: A yearlong study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 384–406. doi:10.1177/027243102237189
  • Cairney, J., Kwan, M. Y. W., Velduizen, S., Hay, J., Bray, S. R., & Faught, B. E. (2012). Gender, perceived competence and the enjoyment of physical education in children: A longitudinal examination. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 26–34. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-26
  • Cañadas, L., Ruiz, J. R., Veiga, Ó., Gomez-Martinez, S., Esteban-Cornejo, I., Pérez-Llamas, F., … Martinez-Gomez, D. (2014). Obese and unfit students dislike physical education in adolescence: Myth or truth? The AVENA and UP&DOWN studies. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 30(6), 1319–1323.
  • Carlson, T. B. (1995). We hate gym: Student alienation from physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 467–477. doi:10.1123/jtpe.14.4.467
  • Carroll, B., & Loumidis, J. (2001). Children’s perceived competence and enjoyment in physical education and physical activity outside of school. European Physical Education Review, 7, 24–43. doi:10.1177/1356336X010071005
  • Chalabaev, A., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., Boiche, J., & Clement-Guillotin, C. (2013). The influence of sex stereotypes and gender roles on participation and performance in sport and exercise: Review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 136–144. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.005
  • Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., & Moon, I. S. (2012). Experimentally based, longitudinally designed, teacher- focused intervention to help physical education teachers be more autonomy supportive toward their students. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34, 365–396. doi:10.1123/jsep.34.3.365
  • Corder, K., Sharp, S. J., Atkin, A. J., Griffin, S. J., Jones, A. P., Ekelund, U., & van Sluijs, E. M. (2015). Change in objectively measured physical activity during the transition to adolescence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 730–736. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093190
  • Crawford, D. (2009). The future of sport in Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Crespo, N. C., Corder, K., Marshall, S., Norman, G. J., Patrick, K., Sallis, J. F., & Elder, J. P. (2013). An examination of multilevel factors that may explain gender differences in children’s physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10, 982–992. doi:10.1123/jpah.10.7.982
  • Cuddihy, T. F., Corbin, C. B., & Dale, D. (2002). A short instrument for assessing intrinsic motivation for physical activity. Physical Educator, 59, 26–36.
  • Dagkas, S., & Armour, K. (Eds.). (2011). Inclusion and exclusion through youth sport. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Davison, K. K., Werder, J. L., Trost, S. G., Baker, B. L., & Birch, L. L. (2007). Why are early maturing girls less active? Links between pubertal development, psychological well-being, and physical activity among girls at ages 11 and 13. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2391–2404. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.033
  • Department of Health and Ageing. (2014). National physical activity guidelines for Australians. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Digelidis, N., & Papaioannou, A. (1999). Age‐group differences in intrinsic motivation, goal orientations and perceptions of athletic competence, physical appearance and motivational climate in Greek physical education. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9, 375–380. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00259.x
  • Drudy, S., & Ui Chathain, M. (2002). Gender effects in classroom interaction: Data collection, self- analysis, and reflection. Evaluation and Research in Education, 16, 34–50. doi:10.1080/09500790208667005
  • Duffy, J., Warren, K., & Walsh, M. (2001). Classroom interactions: Gender of teacher, gender of student, and classroom subject. Sex Roles, 45, 579–593. doi:10.1023/A:1014892408105
  • Ebbeck, V. (2015). Goal orientations and intrinsic motivation for physical education: Does perceived competence matter? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 86, 53. doi:10.1080/07303084.2015.1086620
  • Ekelund, U., Luan, J., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., Griew, P., & Cooper, A. (2012). Moderate to vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 307, 704–712. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.156
  • Erlandson, M. C., Sherar, L. B., Mosewich, A. D., Kowalski, K. C., Bailey, D. A., & Baxter-Jones, A. D. (2011). Does controlling for biological maturity improve physical activity tracking? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43, 800–807. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ffee8a
  • Fairclough, S. (2003). Physical activity, perceived competence and enjoyment during secondary school physical education. European Journal of Physical Education, 8, 5–18.
  • Fairclough, S. J., Ridgers, N. D., & Welk, G. (2012). Correlates of children’s moderate and vigorous physical activity during weekdays and weekends. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9, 129–137. doi:10.1123/jpah.9.1.129
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: (and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Fox, K. (1991). Motivating children for physical activity: Towards a healthier future. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 62, 34–38. doi:10.1080/07303084.1991.10603999
  • Fox, K. R., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1988). The child’s perspective in physical education part 2: Children’s participation motives. British Journal of Physical Education, 19, 79–82.
  • Francis, S. L., Morrissey, J. L., Letuchy, E. M., Levy, S. M., & Janz, K. F. (2013). Ten-year objective physical activity tracking: Iowa bone development study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45, 1508–1514. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828b2f3a
  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 3–31. doi:10.1123/jsep.27.1.3
  • Gao, Z., Lee, A. M., & Harrison, L. (2008). Understanding students’ motivation in sport and physical education: From the expectancy-value model and self-efficacy theory perspectives. Quest, 60, 236–254. doi:10.1080/00336297.2008.10483579
  • Garn, A., McCaughtry, N., Shen, B., Martin, J., & Fahlman, M. (2011). Social goals in urban physical education: Relationships with effort and disruptive behavior. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 30, 410–423. doi:10.1123/jtpe.30.4.410
  • Goudas, M., Biddle, S., Fox, K., & Underwood, M. (1995). It ain’t what you do, it’s the way that you do it! Teaching style affects children’s motivation in track and field lessons. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 254–264. doi:10.1123/tsp.9.3.254
  • Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (1991). Health promotion planning: An educational and environmental approach. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
  • Guillet, E., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., & Brustad, R. J. (2006). Understanding female sport attrition in a stereotypical male sport within the framework of Eccles’s expectancy-value model. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 358–368. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00311.x
  • Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 380, 247–257. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07252.x
  • Halvari, H., Ulstad, S. O., Bagoien, T. E., & Skjesol, K. (2009). Autonomy support and its links to physical activity and competitive performance: Mediations through motivation, competence, action orientation and harmonious passion, and the moderator role of autonomy support by perceived competence. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 53, 533–555. doi:10.1080/00313830903302059
  • Hands, B., Parker, H. E., Rose, E., & Larkin, D. (2015). Gender and motor competence affects perceived likelihood and importance of physical activity outcomes among 14 year olds. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42, 246–252.
  • Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53, 87–97. doi:10.2307/1129640
  • Hay, J. A. (1992). Adequacy in and predilection for physical activity in children. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 2, 192–201. doi:10.1097/00042752-199207000-00007
  • Hilland, T. A., Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., & Fairclough, S. J. (2011). Associations between selected demographic, biological, school environmental and physical education based correlated, and adolescent physical activity. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23, 61–71. doi:10.1123/pes.23.1.61
  • Hilland, T. A., Ridgers, N. S., Stratton, G., Knowles, Z., & Fairlcough, S. F. (2016). Origins of perceived physical education ability and worth among English adolescents. European Physical Education Review. doi:10.1177/1356336X16673765
  • Hilland, T. A., Stratton, G., Vinson, D., & Fairclough, S. (2009). The physical education predisposition scale: Preliminary development and validation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1555–1563. doi:10.1080/02640410903147513
  • Hills, A. P., Dengel, D. R., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). Supporting public health priorities: Recommendations for physical education and physical activity promotion in schools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57, 368–374. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2014.09.010
  • Jaakkola, T., Washington, T., & Yli-Piipari, S. (2012). The association between motivation in school physical education and self-reported physical activity during Finnish junior high school: A self- determination theory approach. European Physical Education Review, 19, 127–141. doi:10.1177/1356336X12465514
  • Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40–56. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
  • Kann, L., Kinchen, S. A., Williams, B. I., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., Grunbaum, J., & Kolbe, L. J. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance – United States 1999. The Journal of School Health, 70, 271–286. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07252.x
  • Keegan, R., Keegan, S. L., Daley, S., Ordway, C., & Edwards, A. (2013). Getting Australia moving: Establishing a physically literate and active nation (game plan).
  • Kirk, D. (2010). Physical education futures. Milton Park: Routledge.
  • Knisel, E., Opitz, S., Wossmann, M., & Keteihuf, K. (2009). Sport motivation and physical activity of students in three European schools. International Journal of Physical Education, 46, 40–53.
  • Kohl, H. W., & Murray, T. D. (2012). Foundations of physical activity and public health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Kriemler, S., Meyer, U., Martin, E., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Andersen, L. B., & Martin, B. W. (2011). Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: A review of reviews and systematic update. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 923–930. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090186
  • Labbrozzi, D., Robazza, C., Bertollo, M., Bucci, I., & Bortoli, L. (2013). Pubertal development, physical self-perception, and motivation toward physical activity in girls. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 759–765. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.002
  • Lim, B. C., & Wang, C. J. (2009). Perceived autonomy support, behavioural regulations in physical education and physical activity intention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.003
  • Lonsdale, C., Lester, A., Owen, K. B., White, R. L., Moyes, I., Peralta, L., … Kolt, G. S. (2016). An internet-supported physical activity intervention delivered in secondary schools located in low socio-economic status communities: study protocol for the activity and motivation in physical education (AMPED) cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 16(1), 17-32.
  • Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., …Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138, e20161642. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642
  • Lyu, M., & Gill, D. L. (2011). Perceived physical competence, enjoyment and effort in same-sex and coeducational physical education classes. Educational Psychology, 31, 247–260. doi:10.1080/01443410.2010.545105
  • Makinen, M., Puukko-Viertomies, L. R., Lindberg, N., Siimes, M. A., & Aalberg, V. (2012). Body dissatisfaction and body mass in girls and boys transitioning from early to mid-adolescence: Additional role of self-esteem and eating habits. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 1. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-35
  • Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., & Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Marsh, H. W., Papaioannou, A., Martin, A. J., & Theodorakis, Y. (2006). Motivational constructs in Greek physical education classes: Factor structure, gender, and age effects in a nationally representative longitudinal sample. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 121–148. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2006.9671789
  • McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60, 48–58. doi:10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413
  • Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P. J., Perry, C. L., & Irving, L. M. (2002). Weight-related concerns and behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: Implications for preventing weight-related disorders. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 171–178. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.2.171
  • Nevill, A. M., Lane, A. M., Kilgour, L. J., Bowes, N., & Whyte, G. P. (2001). Stability of psychometric questionnaires. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 273–278. doi:10.1080/026404101750158358
  • Nicaise, V., & Cogerino, G. (2006). Students’ perceptions of teacher feedback and physical competence in physical education classes: Gender effects. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25, 36–57. doi:10.1123/jtpe.25.1.36
  • Nicaise, V., Cogerino, G., Fairclough, S., Bois, J., & Davis, K. (2007). Teacher feedback and interactions in physical education: Effects of student gender and physical activities. European Physical Education Review, 13, 319–337. doi:10.1177/1356336X07081799
  • Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009). Developmental trajectories of motivation in physical education: Course, demographic differences, and antecedents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 717. doi:10.1037/a0014696
  • Ortega, F. B., Konstabel, K., Pasquali, E., Ruiz, J. R., Hurtig-Wennlöf, A., Mäestu, J., … Veidebaum, T. (2013). Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: A cohort study. Plos One, 8(4), e60871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060871
  • Papaioannou, A., Bebetsos, E., Theodorakis, Y., Christodoulidis, T., & Kouli, O. (2006). Causal relationships of sport and exercise involvement with goal orientations, perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education: A longitudinal study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 367–382. doi:10.1080/02640410400022060
  • Patnode, C. D., Lytle, L. A., Erickson, D. J., Sirard, J. R., Barr-Anderson, D., & Story, M. (2010). The relative influence of demographic, social, and environmental factors on physical activity among boys and girls. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 79–89. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-79
  • Presnell, K., Bearman, S. K., & Stice, E. (2004). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 389–401. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X
  • Prochaska, S. S., Sallis, J. F., Slymen, D. J., & McKenzie, T. L. (2003). A longitudinal study of children’s enjoyment of physical education. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15, 170–178. doi:10.1123/pes.15.2.170
  • Pühse, U., & Gerber, M. (2004). International comparison of physical education: Concepts, problems, prospects. Oxford: Meyer and Meyers Sport.
  • Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity - a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 813–822. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-813
  • Rosenkranz, R. R., Lubans, D. R., Peralta, L. R., Bennie, A., Sanders, T., & Lonsdale, C. (2012). A cluster-randomized controlled trial of strategies to increase adolescents’ physical activity and motivation during physical education lessons: The Motivating Active Learning in Physical Education (MALP) trial. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-834
  • Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Beets, M. W., Beighle, A., Erwin, H., & Lee, S. (2012). Physical education’s role in public health: Steps forward and backward over 20 years and hope for the future. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83, 125–135.
  • Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, 963–975. doi:10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014
  • Sanchez-Vaznaugh, E. V., Sanchez, B. N., Rosas, L. G., Baek, J., & Egerter, S. (2012). Physical education policy compliance and children’s physical fitness. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 452–459. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.008
  • Saunders, R. P., Pate, R. R., Felton, G., Dowda, M., Weinrich, M. C., Ward, D. S., … Baranowski, T. (1997). Development of questionnaires to measure psychosocial influences on children’s physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 26, 241–247. doi:10.1006/pmed.1996.0134
  • Scabis-Fletcher, K., & Silverman, S. (2010). Perception of competence in middle school physical education: Instrument development and validation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81, 52–62. doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599627
  • Scanlan, T. K., Simons, J. P., Carpenter, P. J., Schmidt, G. W., & Keeler, B. (1993). The sport commitment model: Measurement development for the youth-sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 16–38. doi:10.1123/jsep.15.1.16
  • Scarpa, S., & Nart, A. (2012). Influences of perceived sport competence on physical activity enjoyment in early adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality-International Journal, 40(2), 203. doi:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.2.203
  • Schmalz, D. L., & Davison, K. K. (2006). Differences in physical self-concept among preadolescents who participate in gender-typed and cross-gendered sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29, 335–352.
  • Schranz, N., Olds, T., Cliff, D., Davern, M., Engelen, L., Giles-Corti, B., … Tomkinson, G. R. (2014). Results from Australia’s 2014 report card on physical activity for children and young people. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 21–25. doi:10.1123/jpah.2014-0164
  • Schranz, N. K., Olds, T., Boyd, R., Evans, R., Gomersall, S. R., Hardy, L., … Tomkinson, G. R. (2016). Results from Australia’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(11 Suppl 2), S87–S94. doi:10.1123/jpah.2016-0345
  • Seabra, A., Mendonca, D., Maia, J., Welk, G., Brustad, R., Fonseca, A. M., & Seabra, A. F. (2013). Gender, weight status and socioeconomic differences in psychosocial correlates of physical activity in school children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16, 320–326. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.008
  • Shen, B. (2015). Gender differences in the relationship between teacher autonomy support and amotivation in physical education. Sex Roles, 72, 163–172. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0448-2
  • Sherar, L. B., Cumming, S. P., Eisenmann, J. C., Baxter-Jones, A. D., & Malina, R. M. (2010). Adolescent biological maturity and physical activity: Biology meets behavior. Pediatric Exercise Science, 22, 332–349. doi:10.1123/pes.22.3.332
  • Sigal, R. J., Armstrong, M. J., Colby, P., Kenny, G. P., Plotnikoff, R. C., Reichert, S. M., & Riddell, M. C. (2013). Physical activity and diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37, S40–S44. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.018
  • Singh, A., Uijtdewilligen, L., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2012). Physical activity and performance at school: A systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Journal, 166, 49–55. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.716
  • Slingerland, M., Oomen, J., & Borghouts, L. (2011). Physical activity levels during Dutch primary and secondary school physical education. European Journal of Sport Science, 1, 249–257. doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.506661
  • Snyder, T. D., Tan, A. G., & Hoffman, C. M. (2006). Digest of Education Statistics, 2005. NCES 2006-030. National Center for Education Statistics
  • Standage, M., Gillison, F. B., Ntoumanis, N., & Treasure, D. C. (2012). Predicting students’ physical activity and health related well-being: A prospective cross-domain investigation of motivation across school physical education and exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34, 37–60. doi:10.1123/jsep.34.1.37
  • Subramaniam, P. R., & Silverman, S. (2000). Validation of scores from an instrument assessing student attitude toward physical education. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 4, 29–43. doi:10.1207/S15327841Mpee0401_4
  • Sutherland, R., Campbell, E., Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Okely, A. D., Nathan, N., … Wiggers, H. (2016). ‘Physical activity 4 everyone’ school-based intervention to prevent decline in adolescent physical activity levels: 12 month (mid-intervention) report on a cluster randomised trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 488–495. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094523
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Telford, R. M., Olive, L. S., Cochrane, T., Davey, R., & Telford, R. D. (2016). Outcomes of a four-year specialist-taught physical education program on physical activity: A cluster randomised trial, the LOOK study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13, 64–75. doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0388-4
  • Theodosiou, A., Mantis, K., & Papaioannou, A. (2008). Student self-reports of metacognitive activity in physical education classes. Age-group differences and the effect of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Educational Research and Reviews, 3, 353–364.
  • Thompson, A. M., Baxter-Jones, A. D., Mirwald, R. L., & Bailey, D. A. (2003). Comparison of physical activity in male and female children: Does maturation matter? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35, 1684–1690. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000089244.44914.1F
  • Van Daalen, C. (2005). Girls’ experiences in physical education: Competition, evaluation, and degradation. The Journal of School Nursing, 21, 115–121. doi:10.1177/10598405050210020901
  • Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., & Barbaranelli, C. (2012). Paper-and-pencil and web-based testing the measurement invariance of the big five personality tests in applied settings. Assessment, 19, 243–246. doi:10.1177/1073191111419091
  • Weinberg, R., Tenenbaum, G., McKenzie, A., Jackson, S., Anshel, M., Grove, R., & Fogarty, G. (2000). Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: Relationships to culture, self-reported activity level, and gender. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 321–346.
  • Welk, G. J. (1999). The youth physical activity promotion model: A conceptual bridge between theory and practice. Quest, 51, 5–23. doi:10.1080/00336297.1999.10484297
  • World Health Organisation. (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Author.
  • World Health Organisation. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: Author.
  • Yli-Piipari, S., Barkoukis, V., Jaakkola, T., & Liukkonen, J. (2013). The effect of physical education goal orientations and enjoyment on adolescent physical activity: A parallel process latent growth analysis. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 2, 15–31. doi:10.1037/a0029806
  • Young, D., Saksvig, B. I., Wu, T. T., Zook, K., Li, X., Champaloux, S., … Treuth, M. S. (2014). Multilevel correlates of physical activity for early, mid, and late adolescent girls. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 950–960. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0192

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.