References
- Alkjaer, T., Simonsen, E. B., & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2001). Comparison of inverse dynamics calculated by two- and three-dimensional modules during walking. Gait and Posture, 13, 73–77.
- Bahamonde, R. E., & Stevens, R. R. (2006). Comparison of two methods of manual digitization on accuracy and time of completion. Proceedings of the XXIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. 24, 650–653. Retrieved from https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/207/167
- Bartlett, R., Bussey, M., & Flyger, N. (2006). Movement variability cannot be determined reliably from no-marker conditions. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, 3076–3079.
- Bell, A. L., Pedersen, D. R., & Brand, R. A. (1990). A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods. Journal of Biomechanics, 23, 617–621.
- Cazzola, D., Pavei, G., & Preatoni, E. (2016). Can coordination variability identify performance factors and skill level in competitive sport? The case of race walking. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5, 35–43.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Cutti, A. G., Cappello, A., & Davalli, A. (2006). In vivo validation of a new technique that compensates for soft tissue artefact in the upper-arm: Preliminary results. Clinical Biomechanics, 21, S13–S19.
- Donà, G., Preatoni, E., Cobelli, C., Rodano, R., & Harrison, A. J. (2009). Application of functional principal component analysis in race walking: An emerging methodology. Sports Biomechanics, 8, 284–301.
- Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
- Graci, V., & Salsich, G. B. (2016). The use of the greater trochanter marker in the thigh segment model: Implications for hip and knee frontal and transverse plane motion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5, 95–100.
- Hanley, B., & Bissas, A. (2016). Ground reaction forces of Olympic and World Championship race walkers. European Journal of Sport Science, 16, 50–56.
- Hanley, B., & Bissas, A. (2017). Analysis of lower limb work-energy patterns in world-class race walkers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35, 960–966.
- Hanley, B., Bissas, A., & Drake, A. (2011). Kinematic characteristics of elite men’s and women’s 20 km race walking and their variation during the race. Sports Biomechanics, 10, 110–124.
- Hanley, B., Bissas, A., & Drake, A. (2013). Kinematic characteristics of elite men’s 50 km race walking. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 272–279.
- Hoga, K., Ae, M., Enomoto, Y., & Fujii, N. (2003). Mechanical energy flow in the recovery leg of elite race walkers. Sports Biomechanics, 2, 1–13.
- Hopkins, W. G., Hawley, J. A., & Burke, L. M. (1999). Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 472–485.
- Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 3–12.
- IAAF. (2015). Competition rules 2016–17. Monte Carlo: Author.
- Lafortune, M., Cavanagh, P. R., Sommer, H. J., & Kalenak, A. (1992). Three dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 25, 347–357.
- Osterhoudt, R. G. (2000). The grace and disgrace of race walking. Track Coach, (153), 4880–4883.
- Padulo, J., Annino, G., D’Ottavio, S., Vernillo, G., Smith, L., Migliaccio, G. M., & Tihanyi, J. (2013). Footstep analysis at different slopes and speeds in elite racewalking. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27, 125–129.
- Pavei, G., Cazzola, D., La Torre, A., & Minetti, A. E. (2014). The biomechanics of race walking: Literature overview and new insights. European Journal of Sport Science, 14, 661–670.
- Pavei, G., & La Torre, A. (2016). The effects of speed and performance level on race walking kinematics. Sports Sciences for Health, 12, 35–47.
- Payton, C. J. (2008). Motion analysis using video. In C. J. Payton & R. M. Bartlett (Eds.), Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise: The British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences guidelines (pp. 8–32). Abingdon: Routledge.
- Preatoni, E., Ferrario, M., Donà, G., Hamill, J., & Rodano, R. (2010). Motor variability in sports: A non-linear analysis of race walking. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 1327–1336.
- Reinschmidt, C., van den Bogert, A. J., Nigg, B. M., Lundberg, A., & Murphy, N. (1997). Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 7, 729–732.
- Sinclair, J., Richards, J., Taylor, P. J., Edmundson, C. J., Brooks, D., & Hobbs, S. J. (2013). Three-dimensional kinematic comparison of treadmill and overground running. Sports Biomechanics, 3, 272–282.
- Smith, G. (1989). Padding point extrapolation techniques for the Butterworth digital filter. Journal of Biomechanics, 22, 967–971.
- White, S. C., & Winter, D. (1985). Mechanical power analysis of the lower limb musculature in race walking. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1, 15–24.
- Winter, D. A. (2005). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Yeadon, M. R., & King, M. A. (2015). The effect of marker placement around the elbow on calculated elbow extension during bowling in cricket. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33, 1658–1666.