Contribution of limbs’ actions to the four competitive swimming strokes: a nonlinear approach

References

• Araújo, D., Davids, K., Bennett, S. J., Button, C., & Chapman, G. (2004). Emergence of sport skills under constraints. In A. M. Williams & N. Hodges (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice (pp. 409). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Bragada, J. A., Reis, V. M., Marinho, D. A., Carvalho, C., & Silva, A. J. (2010). Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: Updating the state of the art. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport / Sports Medicine Australia, 13(2), 262–269. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Costa, M. J., & Marinho, D. A. (2013). Proposal of a deterministic model to explain swimming performance. International Journal of Swimming Kinetics, 2(1), 1–54.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Costa, M. J., Morais, J. E., Morouço, P., Moreira, M., Garrido, N. D., … Silva, A. J. (2013). Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison. Human Movement Science, 32(6), 1214–1225. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2012.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Fernandes, R. J., Morouco, P., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2008). Predicting the intra-cyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass from segmental velocities in butterfly stroke: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 7(2), 201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Goh, W. X., Morais, J. E., & Costa, M. J. (2016). Variation of linear and nonlinear parameters in the swim strokes according to the level of expertise. Motor Control, 21(3), 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Goh, W. X., Morais, J. E., Costa, M. J., & Pendergast, D. (2016). Comparison of classical kinematics, entropy, and fractal properties as measures of complexity of the motor system in swimming. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1566. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Keskinen, K. L., Fernandes, R., Colaco, P., Lima, A. B., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2005). Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(5–6), 519–523. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1251-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Lima, F., Portela, A., Novais, D., Machado, L., Colaço, P., … Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2006). Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in competitive swimming strokes. In Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto (pp. 192–194). Porto: Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Marinho, D. A., Costa, M. J., & Silva, A. J. (2011). Biomechanics of competitive swimming strokes. In V. Klika (Ed.), Biomechanics in Applications (pp. 367–388). Rijeka: InTech.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., Morouco, P. G., Jesus, S., Feitosa, W. G., Costa, M. J., Marinho, D. A., … Garrido, N. D. (2013). The interaction between intra-cyclic variation of the velocity and mean swimming velocity in young competitive swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(2), 123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Zhuang, J., Yu, W., & Wang, Z. (2009). Measuring complexity using FuzzyEn, ApEn, and SampEn. Medical Engineering & Physics, 31(1), 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chollet, D., Seifert, L., Leblanc, H., Boulesteix, L., & Carter, M. (2004). Evaluation of arm-leg coordination in flat breaststroke. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(7), 486–495. doi:10.1055/s-2004-820943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J. Y., Davids, K., Button, C., Shuttleworth, R., Renshaw, I., & Araujo, D. (2006). Nonlinear pedagogy: A constraints-led framework for understanding emergence of game play and movement skills. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 10(1), 71–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa, M. J., Barbosa, T. M., Morais, J. E., Miranda, S., & Marinho, D. A. (2017). Can concurrent teaching promote equal biomechanical adaptations at front crawl and backstroke swimming? Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 19, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, A. B., Jr., Termin, B., & Pendergast, D. R. (2006). Simultaneous recordings of velocity and video during swimming. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences, 6(2), 32–35.
   Google Scholar
• Davids, K., Button, C., & Bennett, S. (2008). Dynamics of skill acquisition: A constraints-led approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Davids, K., Araujo, D., Hristovski, R., Serre, N. B., Button, C., & Passos, P. (2014). Complex systems in sport. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Delignieres, D., Ramdani, S., Lemoine, L., Torre, K., Fortes, M., & Ninot, G. (2006). Fractal analyses for ‘short’time series: A re-assessment of classical methods. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50(6), 525–544. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2006.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteller, R., Vachtsevanos, G., Echauz, J., & Litt, B. (2001). A comparison of waveform fractal dimension algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 48(2), 177–183. doi:10.1109/81.904882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. doi:10.1037/a0015808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausdorff, J. M., Peng, C. K., Ladin, Z., Wei, J. Y., & Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Is walking a random walk? Evidence for long-range correlations in stride interval of human gait. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(1), 349–358. doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi, T. (1988). Approach to an irregular time series on the basis of the fractal theory. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 31(2), 277–283. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(88)90081-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander, A. P., de Groot, G., van Ingen Schenau, G. J., Kahman, R., & Toussaint, H. M. (1988). Contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming. Swimming science V. B. E. Ungerechts, K. Wilke and R. K (pp. 39–43). Chamaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P. M., Brown, P., Chengalur, S. N., & Nelson, R. C. (1990). Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100-meter events. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6(2), 187–197. doi:10.1123/ijsb.6.2.187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolmogorov, S. V., & Duplishcheva, O. A. (1992). Active drag, useful mechanical power output and hydrodynamic force coefficient in different swimming strokes at maximal velocity. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(3), 311–318. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(92)90028-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leblanc, H., Seifert, L., Tourny-Chollet, C., & Chollet, D. (2007). Intra-cyclic distance per stroke phase, velocity fluctuations and acceleration time ratio of a breaststroker’s hip: A comparison between elite and nonelite swimmers at different race paces. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(2), 140–147. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeiro, J. P. V., Seisdedos, C. R. V., Cortez, P. C., & Marques, J. A. L. (2013). Análise de Desempenho da Entropia Aproximada (ApEn) na Análise da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC). In J. Folgueras Méndez, T. Y. Aznielle Rodríguez, C. F. Calderón Marín, S. B. Llanusa Ruiz, J. Castro Medina, H. Vega Vázquez, ... R. Rodríguez Rojas (Eds.), V Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2011 May 16-21, 2011, Habana, Cuba: Sustainable Technologies for the Health of All (pp. 1182–1185). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Miyashita, M. (1971, September 14–16, 1970). An analysis of fluctuations of swimming speed. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Biomechanics in Swimming waterpolo and Diving, Brussels (pp. 53–57). Brussels: Université libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de l'Effort.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control, 34, 341–360.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Sousa, A., Monteiro, J., Pelarigo, J., Vilas-Boas, J. P., … Fernandes, R. F. (2015). VO2 kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(5), 1117–1124. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3093-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman, J. S., & Moorman, J. R. (2000). Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 278(6), H2039–H2049. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robeva, R., Kirkwood, J. R., Davies, R. L., Farhy, L., Kovatchev, B. P., Straume, M., & Johnson, M. L. (2007). An invitation to biomathematics. Orlando, FL: Academic press.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, R. H., Cappaert, J. M., & Pease, D. L. (1998). Wave characteristics of Olympic breaststroke swimmers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14(1), 40–51. doi:10.1123/jab.14.1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman, J. M., Chelidze, D., Adams, A., Segala, D. B., & Hasselquist, L. (2009). Nonlinear analysis of gait kinematics to track changes in oxygen consumption in prolonged load carriage walking: A pilot study. Journal of Biomechanics, 42(13), 2196–2199. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzler, C., Seifert, L., Ernwein, V., & Chollet, D. (2008). Arm coordination adaptations assessment in swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(6), 480–486. doi:10.1055/s-2007-989235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Bardy, B. G. (2004). Effect of swimming velocity on arm coordination in the front crawl: A dynamic analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 651–660. doi:10.1080/02640410310001655787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, L., Chollet, D., & Rouard, A. (2007). Swimming constraints and arm coordination. Human Movement Science, 26(1), 68–86. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2006.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, A. J., Marinho, D. A., Reis, V. M., Alves, F. B., Vilas-Boas, J. P., Machado, L., & Rouboa, A. I. (2008). Study of the propulsive potential of the hand and forearm in swimming. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(5), S212. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000322372.12007.0f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilas-Boas, J. P., Barbosa, T. M., & Fernandes, R. J. (2010). Speed fluctuation, swimming economy, performance and training in swimming. In L. Seifert, D. Chollet, & I. Mujika (Eds.), World book of swimming: From science to performance (pp. 119–134). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Vorontsov, A., & Rumyantsev, V. (2000). Propulsive forces in swimming. In V. Zatsiorsky (Ed.) Biomechanics in sport–Performance, enhancement and injury prevention (pp. 205–231). Cambridge: Blackwell Science Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Sourina, O., & Nguyen, M. K. (2011). Fractal dimension based neurofeedback in serious games. The Visual Computer, 27(4), 299–309. doi:10.1007/s00371-011-0551-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, J., & Gordon, A. T. (1983, June 21-25, 1982). The effects of leg action on performance in the sprint front crawl stroke. In A. P. Hollander, P. A. Huijing, & G. de Groot (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of Biomechanics in Swimming and the Fifth International Congress on Swimming Medicine, Amsterdam (pp. 310–314). Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Wuehr, M., Schniepp, R., Pradhan, C., Ilmberger, J., Strupp, M., Brandt, T., & Jahn, K. (2013). Differential effects of absent visual feedback control on gait variability during different locomotion speeds. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 224(2), 287–294. doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3310-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai, T. (2003). Stroke frequency in front crawl: Its mechanical link to the fluid forces required in non-propulsive directions. Journal of Biomechanics, 36(1), 53–62. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00299-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanai, T., & Wilson, B. D. (2008). How does buoyancy influence front‐crawl performance? Exploring the assumptions. Sports Technology, 1(2–3), 89–99. doi:10.1080/19346182.2008.9648458
   Google Scholar
• Yentes, J. M., Hunt, N., Schmid, K. K., Kaipust, J. P., McGrath, D., & Stergiou, N. (2013). The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41(2), 349–365. doi:10.1007/s10439-012-0668-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar