Thinking about your running movement makes you less efficient: attentional focus effects on running economy and kinematics

References

• Brick, N., MacIntyre, T., & Campbell, M. (2014). Attentional focus in endurance activity: New paradigms and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 106–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brick, N., McElhinney, M., & Metcalfe, R. (2018). The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 20–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pauw, K., Roelands, B., Cheung, S. S., De Geus, B., Rietjens, G., & Meeusen, R. (2013). Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8, 111–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme, S., Wu, W. F. W., Lim, K., Porter, J., & Geraldo, F. (2016). Standing long jump performance with an external focus of attention is improved as a result of a more effective projection angle. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(1), 276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, R. (2011). Links between attention, performance pressure, and movement in skilled motor action. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 301–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. M., & Carter, H. (2000). The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Medicine, 29(6), 373–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R. (2012). The influence of attention on learning and performance: pre-movement time and accuracy in an isometric force production task. Human Movement Science, 31(1), 12–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, K. S., & Ogles, B. M. (1998). The relations of cognitive strategies with injury, motivation, and performance among marathon runners: results from two studies. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10(1), 281–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, I. S. (2016). Is there an economical running technique? a review of modifiable biomechanical factors affecting running economy. Sports Medicine, 1–15. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. W., Bransford, D. R., Costill, D. L., Daniels, J. T., Howley, E. T., & Krahenbuhl, G. S. (1995). Variation in the aerobic demand of running among trained and untrained subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(3), 404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munzert, J., Maurer, H., & Reiser, M. (2014). Verbal-motor attention-focusing instructions influence kinematics and performance on a golf-putting task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 46(5), 309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, D. L., Moffitt, R. L., Thomas, P. R., Loveday, K., Watling, D. P., Lombard, C. L., & Tremeer, M. A. (2017). A systematic review of the application of interactive virtual reality to sport. Virtual Reality, 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10055-017-0320-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, D. L., & Piercy, A. (2013). The effect of different attentional strategies on physiological and psychological states during running. Australian Psychologist. doi:10.1111/ap.12015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer, T. D., & Martin, P. E. (2005). Manipulations of leg mass and moment of inertia: Effects on energy cost of walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 649–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, P. U., Pyne, D. B., Telford, R. D., & Hawley, J. A. (2004). Reliability and variability of running economy in elite distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(11), 1972–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Anheier, W., Strauss, B., Hagemann, N., & Völker, K. (2013). On the optimal focus of attention for efficient running at high intensity. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(3), 207–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Fleddermann, M., de Lussanet, M., Elischer, J., Böhmer, C., & Zentgraf, K. (2016). Focusing attention on circular pedaling reduces movement economy in cycling. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 9–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Hagemann, N., Strauss, B., & Völker, K. (2009). The effect of attentional focus on running economy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1241–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Jedamski, J., Hagemann, N., & Vater, H. (2015). Don’t think about your movements – Effects of attentional instructions on rowing performance. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10, 829–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Knopf, C., Strauss, B., & Hagemann, N. (2014). An internal focus of attention is not always as bad as its reputation: How specific aspects of internally focused attention do not hinder running efficiency. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 233–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schücker, L., Schmeing, L., & Hagemann, N. (2016). “Look around while running!” Attentional focus effects in inexperienced runners. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 205–2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L., Preece, S., Mason, D., & Bramah, C. (2015). A comparison of kinematic algorithms to estimate gait events during overground running. Gait & Posture, 41(1), 39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, A. E., Jones, H. S., Williams, E. L., Dowling, C., Morley, D., Taylor, J. A., & Polman, R. C. (2017). Changes in cognition over a 16.1 km cycling time trial using think aloud protocol: preliminary evidence. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-9. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2017.1292302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 77–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A(4), 1143–1154.
   Google Scholar
• Ziv, G., Meckel, Y., Lidor, R., & Rotstein, A. (2012). The effects of external and internal focus of attention on physiological responses during running. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 7(3), 608–616.
   Google Scholar