The great leap backward: changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11−12-years between 1985 and 2015

References

• American College of Sports Medicine. (2013). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Health. (2014). Australia’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines. Retrieved Date Accessed, 2017 from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines#apa512.
   Google Scholar
• Behringer, M., Vom Heede, A., Yue, Z., & Mester, J. (2010). Effects of resistance training in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 126(5), e1199–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellis, M. A., Downing, J., & Ashton, J. R. (2006). Adults at 12? Trends in puberty and their public health consequences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(11), 910–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, V. M., Rowlands, A. V., & Dollman, J. (2015). Physical activity temporal trends among children and adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(4), 418–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Pinero, J., Artero, E. G., Espana-Romero, V., Ortega, F. B., Sjostrom, M., Suni, J., & Ruiz, J. R. (2010a). Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(13), 934–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Pinero, J., Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Girela-Rejon, M. J., Mora, J., Sjostrom, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2010b). Assessing muscular strength in youth: Usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1810–1817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catley, M. J., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2011). Normative health-related fitness values for children: Analysis of 85347 test results on 9–17-year-old Australians since 1985. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(2), 98–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D. D., Voss, C., Taylor, M. J., Delextrat, A., Ogunleye, A. A., & Sandercock, G. R. (2011). Ten-year secular changes in muscular fitness in English children. Acta Paediatrica, 100(10), e175–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ, 320(7244), 1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty, D. (1996). Field tests and test batteries. In D. Docherty (Ed.), Measurement in pediatric exercise science (pp. 285–334). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., & Rahaman, M. M. (1967). The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. British Journal of Nutrition, 21(3), 681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., & Womersley, J. (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32(1), 77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, T., & Gibbons, L. E. (1994). The Australian schools health and fitness survey. Physical fitness related to blood pressure but not lipoproteins. Circulation, 89(4), 1539–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Santos, J. R., Ruiz, J. R., Cohen, D. D., Gonzalez-Montesinos, J. L., & Castro-Pinero, J. (2015). Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(8), 2277–2285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, B. J., Blizzard, L., Schmidt, M. D., Juonala, M., Dwyer, T., Venn, A. J., & Magnussen, C. G. (2018). Childhood cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and adult measures of glucose homeostasis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21, 935–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, B. J., Huynh, Q. L., Schmidt, M. D., Dwyer, T., Venn, A. J., & Magnussen, C. G. (2016). Childhood muscular fitness phenotypes and adult metabolic syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(9), 1715–1722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grontved, A., Ried-Larsen, M., Ekelund, U., Froberg, K., Brage, S., & Andersen, L. B. (2013). Independent and combined association of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth with insulin resistance and beta-cell function in young adulthood: The European youth heart study. Diabetes Care, 36(9), 2575–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman-Giddens, M. E. (2006). Recent data on pubertal milestones in United States children: The secular trend toward earlier development. International Journal of Andrology, 29(1), 241–246. discussion 286–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho, N. S., Olds, T., Schranz, N., & Maher, C. (2017). Secular trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity across Australian states: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(5), 480–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Craig, C. L. (2002). Musculoskeletal fitness and risk of mortality. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), 740–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong, D. P., Teo, K. K., Rangarajan, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Avezum, A., Jr., Orlandini, A., … Yusuf, S. (2015). Prognostic value of grip strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet, 386(9990), 266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesinski, M., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects and dose-response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(13), 781–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken, L. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Loud, R. L., & Westcott, W. L. (2008). Correlates of upper and lower body muscular strength in children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1339–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moliner-Urdiales, D., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Jimenez-Pavon, D., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Rey-Lopez, J. P., … Moreno, L. A. (2010). Secular trends in health-related physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: The AVENA and HELENA studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(6), 584–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olds, T. S., Tomkinson, G. R., Ferrar, K. E., & Maher, C. A. (2010). Trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia between 1985 and 2008. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 34(1), 57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Ruiz, J. R., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Bergman, P., Hagströmer, M., … Rey-Lopez, J. (2008a). Reliability of health-related physical fitness tests in European adolescents. The Helena study. International Journal of Obesity, 32, S49–S57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjostrom, M. (2008b). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 32(1), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega, F. B., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2012). Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: Cohort study of one million participants. BMJ, 345, e7279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan, H. L., Blizzard, C. L., Sharman, J. E., Magnussen, C. G., Dwyer, T., Raitakari, O., … Venn, A. J. (2014). Resting heart rate and the association of physical fitness with carotid artery stiffness. American Journal of Hypertension, 27(1), 65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schranz, N., Tomkinson, G., & Olds, T. (2013). What is the effect of resistance training on the strength, body composition and psychosocial status of overweight and obese children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 43(9), 893–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri, W. E. (1956). The gross composition of the body. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 4(239–279), 513.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Faigenbaum, A. D., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(9), 1209–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkinson, G. (2007). Global changes in anaerobic fitness test performance of children and adolescents (1958–2003). Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17(5), 497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkinson, G., Hamlin, M., & Olds, T. (2006). Secular changes in anaerobic test performance in Australasian children and adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(3), 314–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2017). Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017–097982.
   Google Scholar
• Tomkinson, G. R., & Olds, T. S. (2007). Secular changes in pediatric aerobic fitness test performance: The global picture. Medicine and Sport Science, 50, 46–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venckunas, T., Emeljanovas, A., Mieziene, B., & Volbekiene, V. (2017). Secular trends in physical fitness and body size in Lithuanian children and adolescents between 1992 and 2012. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(2), 181–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wake, M., Clifford, S., York, E., Mensah, F., Gold, L., Burgner, D., & Davies, S. (2014). Introducing growing up in Australia’s child health check point: A physical health and biomarkers module for the longitudinal study of Australian children. Family Matters, 95, 15–23.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
   Google Scholar