References
- Artero, E. G., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., España-Romero, V., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., & Molnar, D., & HELENA Study Group. (2011). Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness are independently associated with metabolic risk in adolescents: The HELENA study. Pediatric Diabetes, 12(8), 704–712.
- Bammann, K., Gwozdz, W., Lanfer, A., Barba, G., De Henauw, S., Eiben, G., … Pigeot, I. (2013). Socioeconomic factors and childhood overweight in Europe: Results from the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Pediatric Obesity, 8(1), 1–12.
- Barnett, L., Hinkley, T., Okely, A. D., & Salmon, J. (2013). Child, family and environmental correlates of children’s motor skill proficiency. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16, 332–336.
- Baughcum, A. E., Chamberlin, L. A., Deeks, C. M., Powers, S. W., & Whitaker, R. C. (2000). Maternal perceptions of overweight preschool children. Pediatrics, 106(6), 1380–1386.
- Bray, M. S., Hagberg, J. M., Pérusse, L., Rankinen, T., Roth, S. M., Wolfarth, B., & Bouchard, C. (2009). The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: The 2006–2007 update. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 35–73.
- Bürgi, F., Meyer, U., Niederer, I., Ebenegger, V., Marques-Vidal, P., Granacher, U., … Puder, J. J. (2010). Socio-cultural determinants of adiposity and physical activity in preschool children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 10, 733.
- Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Alcántara-Moral, F., Sánchez-Delgado, G., Mora-González, J., Martínez-Téllez, B., Herrador-Colmenero, M., … Ortega, F. B. (2014). Assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness in preschool children: Adaptation of the 20 metres shuttle run test. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 30(6), 1333–1343.
- Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Intemann, T., Labayen, I., Peinado, A. B., Vidal-Conti, J., Sanchis-Moysi, J., … Ortega, F. B. (2018). Physical fitness reference standards for preschool children: The PREFIT project. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.227
- Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Tellez, B., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Castro-Piñero, J., Löf, M., … Ortega, F. B. (2016). Assessing physical fitness in preschool children: Feasibility, reliability and practical recommendations for the PREFIT battery. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport/Sports Medicine Australia, 19(11), 910–915.
- Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126–131.
- Cole, T. J., & Lobstein, T. (2012). Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatric Obesity, 7(4), 284–294.
- Cutting, T. M., Fisher, J. O., Grimm-Thomas, K., & Birch, L. L. (1999). Like mother, like daughter: Familial patterns of overweight are mediated by mothers’ dietary disinhibition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(4), 608–613.
- Drewnowski, A., & Specter, S. E. (2004). Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(1), 6–16.
- Freitas, D., Maia, J., Beunen, G., Claessens, A., Thomis, M., Marques, A., … Lefevre, J. (2007). Socio-economic status, growth, physical activity and fitness: The Madeira growth study. Annals of Human Biology, 34(1), 107–122.
- GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. (2017). Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13–27.
- Hesketh, K., Crawford, D., Salmon, J., Jackson, M., & Campbell, K. (2007). Associations between family circumstance and weight status of Australian children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2(2), 86–96.
- Huppertz, C., Bartels, M., de Geus, E. J. C., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., & Silventoinen, K. (2017). The effects of parental education on exercise behavior in childhood and youth: A study in Dutch and Finnish twins. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(10), 1143–1156.
- Imhof, K., Faude, O., Donath, L., Bean-Eisenhut, S., Hanssen, H., & Zahner, L. (2016). The association of socio-economic factors with physical fitness and activity behaviours, spinal posture and retinal vessel parameters in first graders in urban Switzerland. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(13), 1271–1280.
- International Labour Office. (2012). International standard classification of occupations - ISCO-08: Structure, group definitions and correspondence tables. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
- Jiménez Pavón, D., Ortega, F. P., Ruiz, J. R., España Romero, V., García Artero, E., Moliner Urdiales, D., & HELENA Study Group. (2010). Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: The HELENA study. Nutricio´n Hospitalaria, 25(2), 311–316.
- Kitsantas, P., & Gaffney, K. F. (2010). Risk profiles for overweight/obesity among preschoolers. Early Human Development, 86(9), 563–568.
- Kobzová, J., Vignerová, J., Bláha, P., Krejcovský, L., & Riedlová, J. (2004). The 6th nationwide anthropological survey of children and adolescents in the Czech Republic in 2001. Central European Journal of Public Health, 12(3), 126–130.
- Lämmle, L., Worth, A., & Bös, K. (2012). Socio-demographic correlates of physical activity and physical fitness in German children and adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health, 22(6), 880–884.
- Lavie, C. J., McAuley, P. A., Church, T. S., Milani, R. V., & Blair, S. N. (2014). Obesity and cardiovascular diseases: Implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(14), 1345–1354.
- Léger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., & Lambert, J. (1988). The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences, 6(2), 93–101.
- Lobstein, T., & Frelut, M.-L. (2003). Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe. Obesity Reviews, 4(4), 195–200.
- Mora-Gonzalez, J., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Tellez, B., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Ruiz, J. R., Léger, L., & Ortega, F. B. (2017). Estimating VO2max in children aged 5–6 years through the preschool-adapted 20-m shuttle-run test (PREFIT). European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(11), 2295–2307.
- Morley, D., Till, K., Ogilvie, P., & Turner, G. (2015). Influences of gender and socioeconomic status on the motor proficiency of children in the UK. Human Movement Science, 44, 150–156.
- Nakagawa, S., & Cuthill, I. C. (2007). Effect size, confidence interval and statistical significance: A practical guide for biologists. Biological Reviews, 82(4), 591–605.
- Nightingale, C. M., Rudnicka, A. R., Owen, C. G., Cook, D. G., & Whincup, P. H. (2011). Patterns of body size and adiposity among UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin: Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE study). International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(1), 33–44.
- Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Sánchez-Delgado, G., Mora-González, J., Martínez-Téllez, B., Artero, E. G., … Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Systematic review and proposal of a field-based physical fitness-test battery in preschool children: The PREFIT battery. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(4), 533–555.
- Ortega, F. B., Lavie, C. J., & Blair, S. N. (2016). Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Research, 118(11), 1752–1770.
- Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 32(1), 1–11.
- Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Labayen, I., Hurtig-Wennlöf, A., Harro, J., Kwak, L., … Sjöström, M. (2013). Role of socio-cultural factors on changes in fitness and adiposity in youth: A 6-year follow-up study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(9), 883–890.
- Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Labayen, I., Lavie, C. J., & Blair, S. N. (2017). The Fat but Fit paradox: What we know and don’t know about it. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 151–153.
- Ortega, F. B., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2012). Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: Cohort study of one million participants. British Medical Journal, 345, e7279.
- Otero, J., Cohen, D. D., Herrera, V. M., Camacho, P. A., Bernal, O., & López-Jaramillo, P. (2016). Sociodemographic factors related to handgrip strength in children and adolescents in a middle income country: The SALUS study. American Journal of Human Biology, 29, 1.
- Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Piñero, J., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Sjöström, M., Suni, J., & Castillo, M. J. (2009). Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(12), 909–923.
- Sanchez-Delgado, G., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Martinez-Tellez, B., Chillón, P., Löf, M., … Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Assessment of handgrip strength in preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. The Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume, 40(9), 966–972.
- Sandercock, G. R. H., Lobelo, F., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Tovar, G., Cohen, D. D., Knies, G., & Ramírez-Vélez, R. (2017). The relationship between socioeconomic status, family income, and measures of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in Colombian schoolchildren. The Journal of Pediatrics, 185, 81–87.
- Schmutz, E. A., Leeger-Aschmann, C. S., Radtke, T., Muff, S., Kakebeeke, T. H., Zysset, A. E., … Kriemler, S. (2017). Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: A cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1.
- Shrewsbury, V., & Wardle, J. (2008). Socioeconomic status and adiposity in childhood: A systematic review of cross-sectional studies 1990–2005. Obesity, 16(2), 275–284.
- Steene-Johannessen, J., Anderssen, S. A., Kolle, E., & Andersen, L. B. (2009). Low muscle fitness is associated with metabolic risk in youth. Metabolic Risk in Youth. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 41(7), 1361–1367.
- Trost, S. G., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2011). Parental influences on physical activity behavior in children and adolescents: A brief review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(2), 171–181.
- Wang, C., & Sweetman, A. (2013). Gender, family status and physician labour supply. Social Science & Medicine, 94, 17–25.
- Winkleby, M. A., Kraemer, H. C., Ahn, D. K., & Varady, A. N. (1998). Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: Findings for women from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. JAMA, 280(4), 356–362.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). World Health Organization. Geneva: Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.
- Wu, S., Ding, Y., Wu, F., Li, R., Hu, Y., Hou, J., & Mao, P. (2015). Socio-economic position as an intervention against overweight and obesity in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 5, 11354.
- Yannakoulia, M., Papanikolaou, K., Hatzopoulou, I., Efstathiou, E., Papoutsakis, C., & Dedoussis, G. V. (2008). Association between family divorce and children’s BMI and meal patterns: The GENDAI study. Obesity, 16(6), 1382–1387.