Curved non-motorized treadmills do not biomechanically replicate overground running better than motorized treadmills

References

• Aderem, J., & Louw, Q. A. (2015). Biomechanical risk factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome in runners: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 16(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0808-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine. (2014). Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, B. J. W., Weeks, B. K., & Horan, S. A. (2019). An examination of treadmill running familiarisation in barefoot and shod conditions in healthy men. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1479533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur, H., Hirschmüller, A., Mueller, S., Gollhofer, A., & Mayer, F. (2007). Muscular activity in treadmill and overground running. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 15(3), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-2007-0262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthon, P., Fellmann, N., Bedu, M., Beaune, B., Dabonneville, M., Coudert, J., & Chamoux, A. (1997). A 5-min running field test as a measurement of maximal aerobic velocity. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 75(3), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruseghini, P., Tam, E., Monte, A., Capelli, C., & Zamparo, P. (2019). Metabolic and kinematic responses while walking and running on a motorised and a curved non-motorised treadmill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1504605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalá-Vilaplana, I., Encarnación-Martínez, A., Camacho-García, A., Sanchis-Sanchis, R., & Pérez-Soriano, P. (2023). Influence of surface condition and prolonged running on impact accelerations. Sports Biomechanics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2023.2214519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamoux, A., Berthon, P., & Laubignat, J. F. (1996). Determination of maximum aerobic velocity by a five minute test with reference to running world records. A theoretical approach. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 104(2), 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1076/apab.104.2.207.12877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick, T. R. (2004). The effects of knee contact angle on impact forces and accelerations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), 832–837. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000126779.65353.CB
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derrick, T. R., Dereu, D., & Mclean, S. P. (2002). Impacts and kinematic adjustments during an exhaustive run. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(6), 998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200206000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, R. B., Tofari, P. J., Cormack, S. J., & Whyte, D. G. (2017). Non-motorized treadmill running is associated with higher cardiometabolic demands compared with overground and motorized treadmill running. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Encarnación-Martínez, A., Catalá-Vilaplana, I., Berenguer-Vidal, R., Sanchis-Sanchis, R., Ochoa-Puig, B., & Pérez-Soriano, P. (2021). Treadmill and running speed effects on acceleration impacts: Curved non-motorized treadmill vs. Conventional motorized treadmill. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frishberg, B. A. (1983). An analysis of overground and treadmill sprinting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15(6), 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198315060-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Pérez, J. A., Pérez-Soriano, P., Llana Belloch, S., Lucas-Cuevas, A. G., & Sánchez-Zuriaga, D. (2014). Effects of treadmill running and fatigue on impact acceleration in distance running. Sports Biomechanics, 13(3), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2014.909527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giandolini, M. (2018). A simple method for determining foot strike pattern during running. In J. Morin & P. Samozino (Eds.), Biomechanics of training and testing. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05633-3_9
   Google Scholar
• Handsaker, J. C., Forrester, S. E., Folland, J. P., Black, M. I., & Allen, S. J. (2016). A kinematic algorithm to identify gait events during running at different speeds and with different footstrike types. Journal of Biomechanics, 49(16), 4128–4133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honert, E. C., Hoitz, F., Blades, S., Nigg, S. R., & Nigg, B. M. (2022). Estimating running ground reaction forces from plantar pressure during graded running. Sensors, 22(9), 3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honert, E. C., & Pataky, T. C. (2021). Timing of gait events affects whole trajectory analyses: A statistical parametric mapping sensitivity analysis of lower limb biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanics, 119, 110329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. M., & Doust, J. H. (1996). A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(4), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419608727717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblbauer, I. F., van Schooten, K. S., Verhagen, E. A., & van Dieën, J. H. (2014). Kinematic changes during running-induced fatigue and relations with core endurance in novice runners. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(4), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D. E., Warrener, A. G., Wang, J., & Castillo, E. R. (2015). Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(21), 3406–3414. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.125500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas-Cuevas, Á. G., Priego Quesada, J. I., Gooding, J., Lewis, M. G. C., Encarnación-Martínez, A., & Perez-Soriano, P. (2018). The effect of visual focus on spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters of treadmill running. Gait & Posture, 59, 292–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. R., Van Hooren, B., Bishop, C., Buckley, J. D., Willy, R. W., & Fuller, J. T. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of crossover studies comparing physiological, perceptual and performance measures between treadmill and overground running. Sports Medicine, 49(5), 763–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01087-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, G., Abt, G., Dobson, C., Smith, T., & Ditroilo, M. (2016). Tibial impacts and muscle activation during walking, jogging and running when performed overground, and on motorised and non-motorised treadmills. Gait & posture, 49, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munteanu, S. E., & Barton, C. J. (2011). Lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-4-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal, B. S., Barton, C. J., Gallie, R., O’Halloran, P., & Morrissey, D. (2016). Runners with patellofemoral pain have altered biomechanics which targeted interventions can modify: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & posture, 45, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M., De Boer, R. W., & Fisher, V. (1995). A kinematic comparison of overground and treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(1), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199501000-00018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, B. M., Vienneau, J., Smith, A. C., Trudeau, M. B., Mohr, M., & Nigg, S. R. (2017). The preferred movement path paradigm: Influence of running shoes on joint movement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(8), 1641–1648. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nüesch, C., Roos, E., Egloff, C., Pagenstert, G., & Mündermann, A. (2019). The effect of different running shoes on treadmill running mechanics and muscle activity assessed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). Gait & Posture, 69, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette, M. R., & Melcher, D. A. (2017). Impact of a long run on injury-related biomechanics with relation to weekly mileage in trained male runners. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 33(3), 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pataky, T. C. (2010). Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(10), 1976–1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reenalda, J., Maartens, E., Buurke, J. H., & Gruber, A. H. (2019). Kinematics and shock attenuation during a prolonged run on the athletic track as measured with inertial magnetic measurement units. Gait & Posture, 68, 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, P. O., Dicharry, J., Franz, J., Della Croce, U., Wilder, R. P., & Kerrigan, D. C. (2008). A kinematics and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(6), 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181677530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert-Lachaine, X., Mecheri, H., Larue, C., & Plamondon, A. (2017). Validation of inertial measurement units with an optoelectronic system for whole-body motion analysis. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 55(4), 609–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-016-1537-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roetenberg, D., Luinge, H., & Slycke, P. (2009). Xsens MVN: Full 6DOF human motion tracking using miniature inertial sensors. Xsens Motion Technologies BV, Tech Rep, 1, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rozumalski, A., Novacheck, T. F., Griffith, C. J., Walt, K., & Schwartz, M. H. (2015). Treadmill vs. overground running gait during childhood: A qualitative and quantitative analysis. Gait & posture, 41(2), 613–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scataglini, S., Verwulgen, S., Roosens, E., Haelterman, R., & Van Tiggelen, D. (2021). Measuring spatiotemporal parameters on treadmill walking using wearable inertial system. Sensors, 21(13), 4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schache, A. G., Blanch, P. D., Rath, D. A., Wrigley, T. V., Starr, R., & Bennell, K. L. (2001). A comparison of overground and treadmill running for measuring the three-dimensional kinematics of the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex. Clinical Biomechanics, 16(8), 667–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00061-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenmakers, P. P. J. M., Crisell, J. J., Reed, K. E., & Schoenmakers, P. P. J. M. (2020). Physiological and perceptual demands of running on a curved nonmotorized treadmill compared with running on a motorized treadmill set at different grades. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(5), 1197–1200. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenmakers, P. P. J. M., & Reed, K. E. (2018). The physiological and perceptual demands of running on a curved non-motorised treadmill: Implications for self-paced training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1293–1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seneli, R. M., Edlbeck, B. P., Myatt, C. J., Reynolds, K. G., & Snyder, A. C. (2011). Comparison of step length between motorized and non-motorized treadmills during walking, jogging, or running: 2528. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5), 693. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000401920.28660.7b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, J., Richards, J., Taylor, P. J., Edmundson, C. J., Brooks, D., & Hobbs, S. J. (2013). Three-dimensional kinematic comparison of treadmill and overground running. Sports Biomechanics, 12(3), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2012.759614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoliga, J. M., Hegedus, E. J., & Ford, K. R. (2015). Increased physiologic intensity during walking and running on a non-motorized, curved treadmill. Physical Therapy in Sport: Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 16(3), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Hacene, J., Wellham, B., Sculley, D. V., Callister, R., Taylor, L., & Dascombe, B. J. (2015). The validity of endurance running performance on the curve 3(TM) non-motorised treadmill. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(11), 1141–1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.986502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudeau, M. B., Willwacher, S., Weir, G., Rohr, E., Ertel, C., Bruggemann, G.-P., & Hamill, J. (2019). A novel method for estimating an individual’s deviation from their habitual motion path when running. Footwear Science, 11(3), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2019.1615004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hooren, B., Fuller, J. T., Buckley, J. D., Miller, J. R., Sewell, K., Rao, G., Barton, C., Bishop, C., & Willy, R. W. (2019). Is motorized treadmill running biomechanically comparable to overground running? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-over studies. Sports Medicine, 50(4), 785–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01237-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman, H. S., Heatherly, A. J., Waddell, A. F., Krings, B. M., & Oʼneal, E. K. (2018). Five-kilometer time trial reliability of a nonmotorized treadmill and comparison of physiological and perceptual responses vs. A motorized treadmill. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(5), 1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K. R., Snow, R., & Agruss, C. (1991). Changes in distance running kinematics with fatigue. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 7(2), 138–162.
   Google Scholar
• Willwacher, S., Sanno, M., & Brüggemann, G.-P. (2020). Fatigue matters: An intense 10 km run alters frontal and transverse plane joint kinematics in competitive and recreational adult runners. Gait & posture, 76, 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandbergen, M. A., Marotta, L., Bulthuis, R., Buurke, J. H., Veltink, P. H., & Reenalda, J. (2023). Effects of level running-induced fatigue on running kinematics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & Posture, 99, 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J.-T., Novak, A. C., Brouwer, B., & Li, Q. (2013). Concurrent validation of xsens MVN measurement of lower limb joint angular kinematics. Physiological Measurement, 34(8), N63. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/34/8/N63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar