Differences in pacing behaviour between global championship medal performances and world records in men’s and women’s middle- and long-distance running track events

References

• Barry, B. K., & Enoka, R. M. (2007). The neurobiology of muscle fatigue: 15 years later. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47(4), 465–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icm047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, A., García-Manso, J. M., Romero-Franco, N., & Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2021). Pacing strategies during male 1500 m running world record performances. Research in Sports Medicine, 29(6), 593–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.1878459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, A., González-Mohíno, F., González-Ravé, J. M., & Boullosa, D. (2021). Pacing profiles of middle-distance running world records in men and women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, A., Hanley, B., Jiménez-Reyes, P., & Renfree, A. (2021). Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(5), 537–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, A., Moreno-Pérez, D., Larrosa, M., & Renfree, A. (2019). Different psychophysiological responses to a high-intensity repetition session performed alone or in a group by elite middle-distance runners. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(8), 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1593510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casado, A., & Renfree, A. (2018). Fortune favors the brave. Tactical behaviors in the middle distance running events at the 2017 IAAF World Championships. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(10), 1386–1391. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
   Google Scholar
• Filipas, L., La Torre, A., & Hanley, B. (2018). Pacing profiles of Olympic and IAAF world championship long-distance runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster, C., de Koning, J. J., Hettinga, F. J., Barroso, R., Boullosa, D., Casado, A., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Gregorich, H., Jaime, S., Jones, A. M., Malterer, K. R., Pettitt, R., Porcari, J. P., Pratt, C., Reinschmidt, P., Skiba, P., Splinter, A., St Clair Gibson, A. … van Tunen, J. (2023). Competition between desired competitive result, tolerable homeostatic disturbance, and psychophysiological interpretation determines pacing strategy. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 18(4), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, C., De Koning, J. J., & Thiel, C. (2014). Evolutionary pattern of improved 1-mile running performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(4), 715–719. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-0318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, C., Schrager, M., Snyder, A. C., & Thompson, N. N. (1994). Pacing strategy and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 17(2), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417020-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuba, Y., & Whipp, B. J. (1999). A metabolic limit on the ability to make up for lost time in endurance events. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(2), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., & Hettinga, F. J. (2018). Champions are racers, not pacers: An analysis of qualification patterns of Olympic and IAAF world championship middle distance runners. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(22), 2614–2620. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1472200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., Stellingwerff, T., & Hettinga, F. J. (2019). Successful pacing profiles of Olympic and IAAF world championship middle-distance runners across qualifying rounds and finals. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(7), 894–901. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, B., & Williams, E. L. (2020). Successful pacing profiles of Olympic men and women 3,000m steeplechasers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00021
   Google Scholar
• Hettinga, F. J., Konings, M. J., & Pepping, G.-J. (2017). The science of racing against opponents: Affordance competition and the regulation of exercise Intensity in head-to-head competition. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hymans, R. (2020). Progression of IAAF world records. IAAF Athletics. https://media.aws.iaaf.org/misc/eBook/index.html#page=1
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Pérez, I., Lago-Fuentes, C., MecíMecíAs-Calvo, M., & Casado, A. (2022). Pacing and packing behaviour in elite and world record performances at Berlin marathon. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(8), 1472–1479. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2111278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, L. G. C. E. (1971). The influence of wind resistance in running and walking and the mechanical efficiency of work against horizontal or vertical forces. Journal of Physiology, Paris, 213(2), 255–276. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009381
   Google Scholar
• Renfree, A., & Casado, A. (2018). Athletic races represent complex systems, and pacing behavior should be viewed as an emergent phenomenon. Frontiers in Physiology, 9(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renfree, A., Martin, L., Micklewright, D., & St Clair Gibson, A. (2014). Application of decision-making theory to the regulation of muscular work rate during self-paced competitive endurance activity. Sports Medicine, 44(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0107-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. R., & Gastin, P. B. (2001). Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200101000-00024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, E. V., Rauch, L. H. G., Tucker, R., Baden, D. A., Foster, C., & Noakes, T. D. (2006). The role of information processing between the brain and peripheral physiological systems in pacing and perception of effort. Sports Medicine, 36(8), 705–722. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636080-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel, C., Foster, C., Banzer, W., & de Koning, J. (2012). Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(11), 1107–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.701759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, R., Lambert, M. I., & Noakes, T. D. (2006). An analysis of pacing strategies during men’s world-record performances in track athletics. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(3), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.3.233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouhal, H., BenAbderrahman, A., Prioux, J., Knechtle, B., Bouguerra, L., Kebsi, W., & Noakes, T. D. (2015). Drafting’s improvement of 3000-m running performance in elite athletes: Is it a placebo effect? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar