Case example of a female solo sailor competing in the Vendée Globe reveals extraordinary biological demands

References

• Adam, G. E., Carter, R., Cheuvront, S. N., Merullo, D. J., Castellani, J. W., Lieberman, H. R., & Sawka, M. N. (2008). Hydration effects on cognitive performance during military tasks in temperate and cold environments. Physiology & Behavior, 93(4–5), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. B., & De Jong, M. R. (2006). Sailing and sports medicine: A literature review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(7), 587–593. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.001669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnaoutis, G., Verginadis, P., Seal, A. D., Vogiatzis, I., Sidossis, L. S., & Kavouras, S. A. (2018). Progressive dehydration in junior laser class sailors during world championship. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belenky, G., Wesensten, N. J., Thorne, D. R., Thomas, M. L., Sing, H. C., Redmond, D. P., Russo, M. B., & Balkin, T. J. (2003). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: A sleep dose-response study. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, E., Delussu, S. A., Quattrini, F. M., Rodio, A., & Bernardi, M. (2007). Energy balance and dietary habits of America’s cup sailors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(10), 1153–1160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701287180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berz, K., & McCambridge, T. (2016). Amenorrhea in the female athlete: What to do and when to worry. Pediatric Annals, 45(3). https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20160210-03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigard, A. X., Guillemot, P. Y., Chauve, J. Y., Duforez, F., Portero, P., & Guezennec, C. Y. (1998). Nutrient intake of elite sailors during a solitary long-distance offshore race. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 8(4), 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.4.364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter, J. B., Banister, E. W., & Blaber, A. P. (2003). Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate. Sports Medicine, 33(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, H. W., & Yang, C. C. (2020). Accuracy of optical heart rate sensing technology in wearable fitness trackers for young and older adults: Validation and comparison study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(4), e14707. https://doi.org/10.2196/14707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, A. R., Cardoso, G., Brito, M. E., Gomes, I. N., & Cascais, M. J. (2021). The female athlete triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S). Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : Revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, 43(5), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costill, D. L. (1977). Sweating: Its composition and effects on body fluids*. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301(1), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38195.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coyle, E. F., & Montain, S. J. (1992). Benefits of fluid replacement with carbohydrate during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(9 Suppl), S324–330. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209001-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Aptowicz, C., & Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night. Sleep, 20(4), 267–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnley, D., Sutton, L., O’Hara, J., Brightmore, A., King, R., & Cooke, C. (2012). Case study of a female ocean racer: Prerace preparation and nutritional intake during the vendée globe 2008. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(3), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feletti, F., & Brymer, E. (2018). Injury in kite buggying: The role of the ‘out-of-buggy experience. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 13(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0818-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Female Athlete Triad. (2007). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(10), 1867–1882. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. A., & Benedict, F. G. (1918). A biometric study of human basal metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 4(12), 370–373. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.4.12.370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurdiel, R., Monaca, C., Mauvieux, B., Mccauley, P., Van Dongen, H. P., & Theunynck, D. (2012). Field study of sleep and functional impairments in solo sailing races: Sleep in solo sailing. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 10(4), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00570.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurdiel, R., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Aron, C., McCauley, P., Jacolot, L., & Theunynck, D. (2014). Sleep restriction and degraded reaction-time performance in Figaro solo sailing races. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(2), 172–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.815359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland, A., Mittag, U., Degens, H., Felsenberg, D., Ferretti, J. L., Heinonen, A., Koltai, E., Korhonen, M. T., McPhee, J. S., Mekjavic, I., Piasecki, J., Pisot, R., Radak, Z., Simunic, B., Suominen, H., Wilks, D. C., Winwood, K., & Rittweger, J. (2020). Greater maintenance of bone mineral content in male than female athletes and in sprinting and jumping than endurance athletes: A longitudinal study of bone strength in elite masters athletes. Archives of Osteoporosis, 15(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-020-00757-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keytel, L., Goedecke, J., Noakes, T., Hiiloskorpi, H., Laukkanen, R., van der Merwe, L., & Lambert, E. V. (2005). Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(3), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410470001730089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafère, P., Gatzoff, Y., Guerrero, F., Provyn, S., & Balestra, C. (2020). Field study of anthropomorphic and muscle performance changes among elite skippers following a transoceanic race. International Maritime Health, 71(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.5603/IMH.2020.0007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léger, D., Elbaz, M., Raffray, T., Metlaine, A., Bayon, V., & Duforez, F. (2008). Sleep management and the performance of eight sailors in the Tour de France à la voile yacht race. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701348636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, E. J., Fraser, S. J., Thomas, S. G., & Wells, G. D. (2013). Changes in hydration status of elite Olympic class sailors in different climates and the effects of different fluid replacement beverages. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Lai, B., Wang, H., & Tsui, K. L. (2020). Wearable device heart rate and activity data in an unsupervised approach to personalized sleep monitoring: Algorithm validation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(8), e18370. https://doi.org/10.2196/18370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, S. D., Leamon, S. M., Nevola, V. R., & Llewellyn, M. G. L. (2008). Energy expenditure during a single-handed transatlantic yacht race. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(4), 285–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.041533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., BéDirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, moca: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment: MOCA: A brief screening tool for MCI. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan, B., Bancroft, R. W., Dines, J. S., & Bedi, A. (2012). Heat- and cold-induced injuries in athletes: Evaluation and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 20(12), 744–754. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201212000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postolache, T. T. (2005). Sports chronobiology. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(2), xix–xxii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.013
   Google Scholar
• Rana, M., & Mittal, V. (2021). Wearable sensors for real-time kinematics analysis in sports: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21(2), 1187–1207. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3019016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawka, M. N., Burke, L. M., Eichner, E. R., Maughan, R., Montain, S. J., Stachenfeld, N. S. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(2), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, J. M., Birmingham, T. B., Atkinson, H. F., Woehrle, E., Primeau, C. A., Lukacs, M. J., Al-Khazraji, B. K., Khan, M. C. M., Zomar, B. O., Petrella, R. J., Beier, F., Appleton, C. T., Shoemaker, J. K., & Bryant, D. M. (2020). Are we missing the target? Are we aiming too low? What are the aerobic exercise prescriptions and their effects on markers of cardiovascular health and systemic inflammation in patients with knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(13), 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seçkin, A. Ç., Ateş, B., Seçkin, M. (2023). Review on wearable technology in sports: Concepts, challenges and opportunities. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10399. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810399
   Google Scholar
• Seshadri, D. R., Li, R. T., Voos, J. E., Rowbottom, J. R., Alfes, C. M., Zorman, C. A., & Drummond, C. K. (2019). Wearable sensors for monitoring the internal and external workload of the athlete. NPJ Digital Medicine, 2(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0149-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shcherbina, A., Mattsson, C., Waggott, D., Salisbury, H., Christle, J., Hastie, T., Wheeler, M., & Ashley, E. (2017). Accuracy in wrist-worn, sensor-based measurements of heart rate and energy expenditure in a diverse cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 7(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm7020003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjøgaard, G., Inglés, E., & Narici, M. (2015). Science in sailing: Interdisciplinary perspectives in optimizing sailing performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(3), 191–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1008583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dongen, H. P. A., Maislin, G., Mullington, J. M., Dinges, D. F. (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep, 26(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.2.117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walch, O., Huang, Y., Forger, D., Goldstein, C. (2019). Sleep stage prediction with raw acceleration and photoplethysmography heart rate data derived from a consumer wearable device. Sleep, 42(12), zsz180. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar