The child and exercise: An overview

References

• Albinson , J.G. and Andrew , G.M. , eds. 1976 . Child in Sport and Physical Activity , International Series on Sport Sciences 3 Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allander , E. , Bjornsson , O.J. and Olafsson , O. 1974 . Normal range of joint movements in shoulder, hip, wrist and thumb with special reference to side: a comparison between populations . International Journal of Epidemiology , 3 : 253 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics . 1982 . Risks in long‐distance running for children, a statement . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 10 : 82 – 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine . 1978 . Position statement on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults . Medicine and Science in Sports , 10 : VII – X .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen , K.L. , Seliger , V. , Rutenfranz , J. and Mocellin , R. 1974 . Physical preformance capacity of children in Norway . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 177 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , N. and Davies , B. 1984 . The metabolic and physiological responses of children to exercise and training . Physical Education Review , 7 : 90 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Asmussen , E. and Heëboll‐Nielsen , K. 1955 . Physical performance in growth in children. Influence of sex, age, and intelligence . Journal of Applied Physiology , 8 : 371 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrand , P.O. , Engstrom , L. , Eriksson , B.O. , Karlberg , P. , Nylander , I. , Saltin , B. and Thoren , C. 1963 . Girl swimmers . Acta paediatrica ,
   Google Scholar
• Åstrand , P.O. and Rodahl , K. 1970 . Textbook of Work Physiology , 321 – 40 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , D.A. 1973 . Exercise, fitness and physical education for the growing child: a concern . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 64 : 421 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , D.A. 1976 . Saskatchewan child growth and development study , Saskatoon : University of Saskatchewan . Final report
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , D.A. , Bell , R.D. and Howarth , R.E. 1973 . The effect of exercise on DNA and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of growing rats . Growth , 37 : 323 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bailey , D.A. , Malina , R.M. and Mirwald , R.L. 1985 . “ The child, physical activity and growth ” . In Human Growth , 2nd edn , Edited by: Falkner , F. and Tanner , J.M. Vol. 2 , 147 – 70 . New York : Plenum Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , D.A. , Ross , W.D. , Mirwald , R.L. and Weese , C. 1978 . “ Size dissociation of maximal aerobic power during growth in boys ” . In Pediatric Work Physiology , Medicine and Sport, XI Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 140 – 51 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Bar‐Or , O. , ed. 1973 . Pediatric Work Physiology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium , Netanya : Wingate Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Bar‐Or , O. 1982 . “ Physiologische Gesetzmässigkeiten sportlicher Aktivität beim Kind ” . In Kinder Im Leistungssport , Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe des Forschungsinstituts der ETS Magglingen Edited by: Howald , H. and Hahn , E. 18 – 30 . Basel : Birkhäuser‐Verlag . No. 10
   Google Scholar
• Bar‐Or , O. 1983 . Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , K. and Bjure , J. 1974 . “ Preliminary results of long‐term physical training of adolescent boys with respect to body composition, maximal oxygen uptake, and lung volume ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 183 – 90 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Berg , K. and Eriksson , B.O. , eds. 1980 . Children and Exercise IX , Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , R.A. 1965 . Comparison of the effect of various weight training loads on strength . Research Quarterly , 36 : 141 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkhorst , R. , Kemper , H.C.G. and Saris , W.H.M. , eds. 1985 . Children and Exercise XI , International Series on Sport Sciences, 15 Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. , eds. 1974 . Children and Exercise, Acta paediatrica belgica Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. , eds. 1978 . Pediatric Work Physiology , Medicine and Sport, XI Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 1984 . “ Review of studies on Olympic athletes ” . In Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes, Part II, Kinanthropometry of Olympic Athletes , Medicine and Sport Science, XVIII Edited by: Carter , J.E.L. 7 – 27 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Borms , J. , Hebbelinck , M. and Venerando , A. , eds. 1981a . Women and Sport , Medicine and Sport, XIV Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Borms , J. , Hebbelinck , M. and Venerando , A. , eds. 1986b . The Female Athlete , Medicine and Sport, XV Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard , C. , Godbout , P. , Mondor , J.C. and Leblanc , C. 1979 . Specificity of maximal aerobic power . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 40 : 85 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard , C. , Hollmann , W. and Herkenrath , G. 1968 . Relations entre le niveau de maturité biologique la participation à l'activité physique et certaines structures morphologiques et organiques chez des garçons de huit à dix‐huit ans . Biométrie Humaine , III (3–4) : 103 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard , C. and Lortie , G. 1984 . Heredity and endurance performance . Sports Medicine , 1 : 38 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard , C. and Malina , R.M. 1983 . “ Genetics of physiological fitness and motor performance ” . In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews Edited by: Terjung , R.J. Vol. 11 , 306 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , G.A. and Fahey , T.D. 1984 . Exercise Physiology. Human Bioenergetics and its Applications , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , C.H. , Harrower , J.R. and Deeter , M.F. 1972 . The effects of cross country running on preadolescent girls . Medicine and Science in Sport , 4 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buskirk , E.R. , Andersen , K.L. and Brozek , J. 1956 . Unilateral activity and bone and muscle development in the forearm . Research Quarterly , 27 : 127 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , J.E.L. 1981 . “ Somatotypes of female athletes ” . In The Female Athlete , Medicine and Sport, XV Edited by: Borms , J. , Hebbelinck , M. and Venerando , A. 85 – 116 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , H.H. 1971 . Physical and Motor Tests in the Medford Boys’ Growth Study , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , H.H. and Borms , J. 1968 . Differences in maturity, physical and motor traits for boys of high, average and low gross and relative strength . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 8 : 143 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke , H.H. and Peterson , K.H. 1961 . Contrast of maturational, structural, and strength characteristics of athletes and non‐athletes 10 to 15 years of age . Research Quarterly , 32 : 163 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee for the Development of Sport of the Council of Europe . 1982 . Conclusions of an International Seminar on Sport for Children 20 Norway Document CDDS (82) 1, MSL‐3 (81) 13, App. 1
   Google Scholar
• Crasselt , W. , Forchel , I. and Stemmler , R. 1985 . Zur körperlichen Entwicklung der Schuljugend in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik , Sportmedizinische Schriftenreihe Band 23 Leipzig : Johann Ambrosius Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Cumming , G.R. 1973 . “ Correlation of athletic performance and aerobic power in 12 to 17 year old children with bone age, calf muscle, total body potassium, heart volume and two indices of anaerobic power ” . In Pediatric Work Physiology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium , Edited by: Bar‐Or , O. 109 – 35 . Netanya : Wingate Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Duquet , W. , Hebbelinck , M. and Vajda , A. 1978 . Biometrische Studie van lichaamsbouwkenmerken van Belgische langeafstandslopers (Biometrical study of bodytype characteristics of Belgian long distance runners) . Sport (Extra Nummer: Sportwetenschappelijke bijdragen Brussel: BLOSO) , : 41 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , H.M. 1973 . “ Age changes in motor skills ” . In Physical Activity Human Growth and Development , Edited by: Rarick , G.L. 154 – 75 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekblom , B. 1969 . Effect of physical training in adolescent boys . Journal of Applied Physiology , 27 : 350 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erich , W.B.M. 1982 . Fysiologische Aspecten van Groei en Ontwikkeling van Kinderen in Relatie tot Sport (Physiological aspects of growth and development on children in relation to sport) . Sportmedische Tijdingen , 3 (12) : 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , B.O. 1972 . Physical training, oxygen supply and muscle metabolism in 11–13 year old boys . Acta physiologica scandinavica ,
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , B.O. , Gollinck , P.D. and Saltin , B. 1974 . “ The effect of physical training on muscle enzyme activities and fiber composition in 11 year‐old boys ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 245 – 52 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , B.O. and Koch , G. 1973 . Effect of physical training on hemodynamic response during submaximal and maximal exercise in 11–13 year old boys . Acta physiologica scandinavica , 87 : 27 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eriksson , B.O. and Saltin , B. 1974 . “ Muscle metabolism during exercise in boys aged 11 to 16 years compared to adults ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 257 – 65 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Fentem , P.H. and Bassey , E.J. 1978 . The Case for Exercise , A Sports Council Research Working Paper London : The Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Frisch , R.E. 1976 . Fatness of girls from menarche to age 18 years, with a nomogram . Human Biology , 48 : 353 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatch , W. and Byrd , R. 1979 . Endurance training and cardiovascular function in 9 and 10 year old boys . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 60 : 574 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliam , T.B. , MacConnie , S.E. , Geenen , D.L. , Pels , A.E. and Freedson , P.S. 1982 . Exercise programs for children: a way to prevent heart disease? . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 10 : 96 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göhner , U. 1982 . Verletzungsrisiken und Belastungen im Kunstturnen , Schriftenreihe des Bundesinstituts für Sportwissenschaft Band 44 Schorndorf : Verlag Karl Hofmann .
   Google Scholar
• Greulich , W.W. and Pyle , S.A. 1959 . Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist , 2nd edn , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hebbelinck , M. and Borms , J. 1978 . Körperliches Wachstum und Leistungsfähigkeit bei Schulkindern , Sportmedizinische Schriftenreihe Band 15 Leipzig : Johann Ambrosius Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Hebbelinck , M. and Ross , W.D. 1974 . “ Kinanthropometry and biomechanics ” . In Biomechanics IV , Edited by: Nelson , R.C. and Morehouse , C.A. 537 – 52 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hermansen , L. and Oseid , S. 1971 . Direct and indirect estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in pre‐pubertal boys . Acta paediatrica scandinavica , : 18 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirata , K.I. 1979 . Selection of Olympic Champions , Vol. 2 , Tokyo : Chukyo University .
   Google Scholar
• Hollman , W. and Bouchard , C. 1970 . Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen chronologischem und biologischem Alter zu spiroergometrischen Messgrössen, Herzvolumen, anthropometrischen Daten und Skelettmuskelkraft bei 8–18 jährigen Jungen . Zeitschrift für Kreislaufforschung , 59 : 160 – 76 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollmann , W. and Hettinger , T. 1976 . Sportmedizin, Arbeits‐ und Trainingsgrundlagen , Stuttgart : F.K. Schattauer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Holmer , I. and Åstrand , P.O. 1972 . Swimming training and maximal oxygen uptake . Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 510 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howald , H. 1976 . Ultrastructure and biochemical function of skeletal muscle in twins . Annals of Human Biology , 3 : 455 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howald , H. and Hahn , E. 1982 . Kinder im Leistungssport , Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe des Forschungsinstitut der ETS Magglingen 10 Basel : Birkhäuser‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hupprich , F.L. and Sigerseth , P.O. 1950 . Specificity of flexibility in girls . Research Quarterly , 21 : 25 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen , J. and Välimäki , I. , eds. 1984 . Children and Sport, Pediatric Work Physiology , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H.H. , Priest , J.D. , Hayes , W.C. , Tichenor , C.C. and Nagel , D.A. 1977 . Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise . Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 59A : 204 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kato , S. and Ishiko , T. 1966 . “ Obstructed growth of children's bones due to excessive labor in remote corners ” . In Proceedings of International Congress of Sport Sciences , Edited by: Kato , K. 479 Tokyo : The Japanese Union of Sport Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , H.C.G. , Ras , J.G.A. , Snel , J. , Splinter , P.G. , Tavecchio , L.W.C. and Verschuur , R. 1974 . Invloed van Extra Lichamelijke Opvoeding , (The Influence of Extra Physical Education) Haarlem : De Vrieseborch .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , H.C.G. and Verschuur , R. 1985 . “ Motor performance fitness tests ” . In Growth, Health and Fitness of Teenagers. Longitudinal Research in International Perspective , Medicine and Sport Science, XX Edited by: Kemper , H.C.G. 96 – 106 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• King , J. W. , Brelsford , H.J. and Tullos , H.S. 1969 . Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher . Clinical Orthopedics , 67 : 116 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klimt , F. , Pannier , R. , Paufler , D. and Tuch , E. 1974 . “ Investigations on the physical working capacity during an 800 meter run ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 87 – 91 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Klissouras , V. 1971 . Heritability of adaptive variation . Journal of Applied Physiology , 31 : 338 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klissouras , V. 1972 . Genetic limit of functional adaptability . Internationale Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physiologie Einschliesslich Arbeitsphysiologie , 30 : 85 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klissouras , V. , Pirnay , F. and Petit , J.M. 1973 . Adaptation to maximal effort; genetics and age . Journal of Applied Physiology , 35 : 288 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , K. , Kitamura , K. , Miura , M. , Sodeyama , H. , Murase , Y. , Miyashita , M. and Matsui , H. 1978 . Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese boys: a longitudinal study . Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology , 45 : 666 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavallée , H. and Shephard , R.J. , eds. 1977 . Frontiers of Activity and Child Health , Quebec : Pélican .
   Google Scholar
• Legnold , G. 1982 . Does lifting weight harm a prepubescent athlete? . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 10 : 141 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Leighton , J.R. 1956 . Flexibility characteristics of males ten to eighteen years of age . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 37 : 494 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leighton , J.R. 1964 . Flexibility characteristics of males six to ten years of age . Journal of the Association for Physical and Mental Rehabilitation , 18 : 19 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letzeiter , M. 1978 . Trainungsgründlagen , Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Liesen , H. , Hollmann , W. and Budinger , H. 1974 . “ Biochemical changes after long lasting exercise on 9–13 year old girl field hockey players ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 287 – 96 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Lortie , G. , Bouchard , C. , Leblanc , C. , Tremblay , A. , Simoneau , J.A. , Theriault , G. and Savoie , J.P. 1982 . Familial similarity in aerobic power . Human Biology , 54 : 801 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Máček , M. 1970 . Proceedings of the Second Symposium of Pediatric Group of Working Physiology , Praha : University of Karlova .
   Google Scholar
• Magill , R.A. , Ash , M.J. and Smoll , F.L. 1978 . Children in Sport: A Contemporary Anthology , Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. 1975 . “ Anthropometric correlates of strength and motor performance ” . In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 3 Edited by: Wilmore , J.H. and Keogh , J.F. 249 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. 1978 . “ Physical growth and maturity characteristics of young athletes ” . In Children in Sport , Edited by: Magill , R.A. , Ash , M.J. and Smoll , F.L. 79 – 101 . Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. 1980a . “ A multidisciplinary, biocultural approach to physical performance ” . In Kinanthropometry II , Edited by: Ostyn , M. , Beunen , G. and Simons , J. 33 – 68 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. 1980b . “ Physical activity, growth and functional capacity ” . In Human Physical Growth and Maturation , Edited by: Johnston , F.E. , Roche , A.F. and Susanne , C. 303 – 27 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. 1983 . Menarche in athletes: a synthesis and hypothesis . Annals of Human Biology , 10 : 1 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. , Bouchard , C. , Shoup , R.F. , Demirjian , A. and Larivière , G. 1979 . Age at menarche, family size and birth order in athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976 . Medicine and Science in Sport , 11 : 354 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malina , R.M. , Bouchard , C. , Shoup , R.F. , Demirjian , A. and Larivière , G. 1982 . “ Growth and maturity status of Montreal Olympic athletes less than 18 years of age ” . In Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes: Part I, The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project , Medicine and Sport, XVI Edited by: Carter , J.E.L. 117 – 28 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. and Rarick , G.D. 1973 . “ Growth, physique and motor performance ” . In Physical Activity Human Growth and Development , Edited by: Rarick , G.L. 125 – 53 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. , Spirduso , W.W. , Tate , C. and Baylor , A.M. 1978 . Age at menarche and selected menstrual characteristics in athletes at different competitive levels and in different sports . Medicine and Science in Sports , 10 : 218 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Märker , K. 1981 . “ Influence of athletic training on the maturity process of girls ” . In The Female Athlete , Medicine and Sport, XV Edited by: Borms , J. , Hebbelinck , M. and Venerando , A. 117 – 26 . Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. 1978 . Joy and Sadness in Children's Sports , 187 – 91 . Champaign, Illinois : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Mellerowicz , H. 1981 . Der Kreislauf des Jugendlichen bei Arbeit und Sport , 2nd edn , Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Milicer , H. and Denisiuk , L. 1964 . “ The physical development of youth ” . In International Research in Sport and Physical Education , Edited by: Jokl , E. and Simon , E. 262 – 85 . Springfield : C.C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Mirwald , R.L. , Bailey , D.A. , Cameron , N. and Rasmussen , R.L. 1981 . Longitudinal comparison of aerobic power on active and inactive boys aged 7.0 to 17.0 years . Annals of Human Biology , 8 : 405 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocellin , R. 1975 . Jugend und Sport . Medizinische Klinik , 70 : 1433
   Google Scholar
• Mocellin , R. and Wasmund , U. 1973 . “ Investigations on the influence of a running‐training programme on the cardiovascular and motor performance capacity in 53 boys and girls of a second and third primary school class ” . In Pediatric Work Physiology. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium , Edited by: Bar‐Or , O. 279 – 85 . Netanya : Wingate Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Morton , A. Children is sport: selected considerations . Proceedings of the VII Commonwealth and International Conference on Sport, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance . Brisbane. Vol. 8 , pp. 231 – 40 . Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Australia . Sports Medicine
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , B.E. and Westlin , N.E. 1971 . Bone density in athletes . Clinical Orthopedics , 77 : 179 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostyn , M. , Simons , J. , Beunen , G. , Renson , R. and Van Gerven , D. 1980 . Somatic and Motor Development of Belgian Secondary Schoolboys ‐ Norms and Standards , 46 66 Leuven : University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pahlke , U. , Peters , H. , Wurster , H. , Fraudendorf , E. and Baasch , G. 1981 . Belastungswirkungen verschiedener Laufausdauerarten bei Schülern Unterschiedlichen Alters im Sportunterricht . Medizin und Sport , 21 : 337 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Parisi , P. 1980 . “ Methodology of twin studies: general introduction ” . In Human Physical Growth and Maturation , Edited by: Johnston , F.E. , Roche , A.F. and Susanne , C. 243 – 63 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paríková , J. 1973 . “ Body composition and exercise during growth and development ” . In Physical Activity: Human Growth and Development , Edited by: Rarick , G.L. 97 – 124 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paríková , J. 1977 . Body Fat and Physical Fitness , The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Pollock , M.L. 1973 . “ The quantification of endurance training programs ” . In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , Edited by: Wilmore , J.H. Vol. 1 , 155 – 88 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rarick , G.L. 1974 . “ Exercise and growth ” . In Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sport , 2nd edn , Edited by: Johnson , W.R. and Buskirk , E.R. 306 – 21 . New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Remes , K. , Kuoppasalmik , K. and Adlercreutz , H. 1979 . The effect of long term physical training on plasma testosterone, androstenedione, luteinizing hormone and sex‐hormone binding globulin activity . Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation , 39 : 743 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renson , R. , Beunen , G. and Van Gerven , D. 1972 . Relation entre des mesures somatiques et les résultats de certain tests de souplesse . Kinanthropologie , 4 : 131 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohmert , W. and Preising , M. 1968 . Rechts‐Links‐Vergleich bei isometrischem Armmuskeltraining mit verschiedenem Trainingsreiz . Sportartz und Sportmedizin , 43 : 43 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , W.D. and Ward , R. 1982 . “ Sexual dimorphism and human proportionality ” . In Sexual Dimorphism in Homo Sapiens , Edited by: Hall , R. 317 – 61 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Schmücker , B. and Hollmann , W. 1974 . “ The aerobic capacity of trained athletes from 6 to 7 years of age on ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 92 – 101 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R.J. 1976 . “ The child in sport and physical activity ‐ A comment ” . In Child in Sport and Physical Activity , International Series on Sport Sciences 3 Edited by: Albinson , J.G. and Andrew , G.M. 35 – 40 . Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R.J. 1982 . Physical Activity and Growth , Chicago : Yearbook Medical Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , G. , Berg , A. , Dickhuth , H.H. , Simon‐Alt , A. and Keul , J. 1981 . Bestimmung der anaerobe Schwelle in Abhängigkeit vom Alter und von der Leistungsfähigkeit . Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin , 32 : 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , R.N. 1970 . Motor Learning and Human Performance: An Application to Physical Education Skills , London : The Macmillan Company .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , J.S. and McLellan , T.H. 1980 . The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 51 : 234 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speroff , L. and Red wine , D.B. 1980 . Exercise and menstrual function . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 8 : 42 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Šprynarová , Š. 1974 . “ Longitudinal study of the influence of different physical activity programs on functional capacity of the boys from 11 to 18 years ” . In Children and Exercise , Acta paediatrica belgica Edited by: Borms , J. and Hebbelinck , M. 204 – 13 . Suppl. 28
   Google Scholar
• Steinhaus , A.H. 1933 . Chronic effects of exercise . Physiological Review , 13 : 103 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , K. and Gutin , B. 1976 . Effects of physical training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children . Research Quarterly , 47 : 110 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , J.M. 1964 . The Physique of the Olympic Athlete , London : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , J.M. 1973 . Growth at Adolescence , London : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , J.M. , Whitehouse , R.H. , Marshall , W.A. , Healy , M.J.R. and Goldstein , H. 1975 . Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 method) , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thoren , C. 1971 . Pediatric work physiology . Acta paediatrica scandinavica ,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullos , H.S. and King , J.W. 1972 . Lesions of the pitching arm in adolescents . Journal of the American Medical Association , 220 : 264 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Huss , W.D. , Heusner , W.W. and Mickelsen , O. 1969 . “ The effects of pubertal exercise upon body composition ” . In Exercise and Fitness , Edited by: Franks , H.D. 201 – 14 . Chicago : Athletic Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Vrijens , J. 1982 . Kenmerken van het aeroob en anaeroob uithoudingsvermogen bij jongeren en richtlijnen voor de organisatie van duurlooptraining (Characteristics of the aerobic and anaerobic endurance capacity in youngsters and guidelines for the organization of long‐distance‐training) . Tijdschrift voor Lichamelijke Opvoeding , 85 : 130 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Vrijens , J. and Hebbelinck , M. Somatic characteristics and physical fitness of primary school children aged 6 to 12 years . A paper presented at the Seminar on Sport for Children . September 27 , T⊘nsberg, Norway. Council of Europe . ‐October 1
   Google Scholar
• Weber , G. , Kartodihardjo , W. and Klissouras , V. 1976 . Growth and physical training with reference to heredity . Journal of Applied Physiology , 40 : 211 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar