References
- Adler, P. S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15(4), 13–23. doi:10.1177/002216787501500403.
- Ardoin, N. M., Wheaton, M., Bowers, A. W., Hunt, C. A., & Durham, W. H. (2015). Nature-based tourism's impact on environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: A review and analysis of the literature and potential future research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6), 838–858.
- Ardoin, N. M., Wheaton, M., Hunt, C. A., Schuh, J. S., & Durham, W. H. (2016). Post-trip philanthropic intentions of nature-based tourists in Galapagos. Journal of Ecotourism, 15(1), 21–35.
- Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., … Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(2), 185–209. doi:10.1037/pspa0000087.
- Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Falk, J. (2011a). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short-and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1243–1252.
- Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Sutherland, L. A. (2011b). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Management, 32(4), 770–779.
- Banks, O. J., & Raciti, M. M. (2018). Perceived fear, empathy and financial donations to charitable services. The Service Industries Journal, 38(5–6), 343–359.
- Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
- Brown, L. (2009). The transformative power of the international sojourn: An ethnographic study of the international student experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 502–521.
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258.
- Buckley, R. C. (2009). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. Wallingford: CAB International.
- Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical Turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5.
- Burson, A., Crocker, J., & Mischkowski, D. (2012). Two types of value-affirmation: Implications for self-control following social exclusion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(4), 510–516.
- Campos, B., Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., Gonzaga, G. C., & Goetz, J. L. (2013). What is shared, what is different? Core relational themes and expressive displays of eight positive emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 27(1), 37–52. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.683852.
- Canavan, B. (2018). An existentialist exploration of tourism sustainability: Backpackers fleeing and finding themselves. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 551–566.
- Cockburn-Wootten, C., Friend, L., & McIntosh, A. (2006). A discourse analysis of representational spaces: Writings of women independent traveller. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(1), 7–16.
- Coghlan, A., & Weiler, B. (2018). Examining transformative processes in volunteer tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(5), 567–582.
- Csapo, J. (2012). The role and importance of cultural tourism in modern tourism industry. In Murat Kasimoglu (Ed.), Strategies for tourism industry-micro and macro perspectives. Rijeka: InTech. doi:10.5772/38693
- Dambrun, M. (2017). Self-centeredness and selflessness: Happiness correlates and mediating psychological processes. PeerJ, 5, e3306.
- Dambrun, M., & Ricard, M. (2011). Self-centeredness and selflessness: A theory of self-based psychological functioning and its consequences for happiness. Review of General Psychology, 15(2), 138–157.
- Dambrun, M., Ricard, M., Despres, G., Drelon, E., Gibelin, E., Gibelin, M., … Michaux, O. (2012). Measuring happiness: From fluctuating happiness to authentic-durable happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00016.
- Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 257–265.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1–11.
- Filep, S. (2007). ‘Flow’, sightseeing, satisfaction and personal development: exploring relationships via positive psychology.
- Filep, S. (2012). Positive psychology and tourism. In Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research (pp. 31–50). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Filep, S., & Deery, M. (2010). Towards a picture of tourists’ happiness. Tourism Analysis, 15(4), 399–410.
- Filep, S., & Pearce, P. (eds.). (2013). Tourist experience and fulfilment: Insights from positive psychology (Vol. 31). London: Routledge.
- Fu, Y.-Y. (2015). Factors that contribute to tourism students’ development of intercultural competence. Tourism, 63(1), 7–17.
- Goodwin, H., McCombes, L., & Eckardt, C. (2009). Advances in travel philanthropy: Raising money through the travel and tourism industry for charitable purposes (World Travel Market Responsible Tourism Day Report). Retrieved from WTM Responsible Tourism: http://www.haroldgoodwin.info/uploads/OP13.pdf
- Ham, S. (2003). Ecotourism—Making a difference by making meaning. Keynote address to the Ecotourism Association of Australia, November, 10.
- Henderson, L. W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 196–221. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i3.3.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
- Hunt, C. A., & Harbor, L. C. (in press). Pro-environmental tourism: Lessons from adventure, wellness and ecotourism (AWE) in Costa Rica. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism.
- Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(6), 735–762.
- Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425–1456.
- Johnson, D. R., & Borden, L. A. (2012). Participants at your fingertips using Amazon’s mechanical Turk to increase student–faculty collaborative research. Teaching of Psychology, 39(4), 245–251.
- Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017a). Tourism and existential transformation: An empirical investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 638–650.
- Kirillova, K., Lehto, X. Y., & Cai, L. (2017b). Existential authenticity and anxiety as outcomes: The tourist in the experience economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(1), 13–26.
- Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651–662.
- Kuenzi, C., & McNeely, J. (2008). Nature-based tourism. In O. Renn, & K. D. Walker KD (Eds.), Global risk governance: Concept and practice using the IRGC framework. International Risk Governance Council Book Series (pp. 155–178). Netherlands: Springer.
- Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Choi, J., & Zachariassen, K. (2015). Connectedness to nature and to humanity: Their association and personality correlates. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1003.
- Lengieza, M. L., Hunt, C. A., & Swim, J. K. (2018). Measuring eudaimonic travel experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 74, 195–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.05.002
- Ma, J., Gao, J., Scott, N., & Ding, P. (2013). Customer delight from theme park experiences: The antecedents of delight based on cognitive appraisal theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 359–381. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2013.02.018.
- Mason, W., & Suri, S. (2012). Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 44(1), 1–23.
- Matteucci, X., & Filep, S. (2017). Eudaimonic tourist experiences: The case of flamenco. Leisure Studies, 36(1), 39–52.
- Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515.
- Mayer, V. F., Machado, J. D. S., Marques, O., & Nunes, J. M. G. (2019). Mixed feelings?: Fluctuations in well-being during tourist travels. The Service Industries Journal, 1–23. doi: 10.1080/02642069.2019.1600671
- McFarland, S. (2010). Personality and support for universal human rights: A review and test of a structural model. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 1735–1764.
- McFarland, S., Webb, M., & Brown, D. (2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 830–853.
- Moal-Ulvoas, G. (2017). Positive emotions and spirituality in older travelers. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 151–158. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.020.
- Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Funke, F., & Steyer, R. (2003). Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 1–22.
- Nawijn, J. (2016). Positive psychology in tourism: A critique. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 151–153.
- Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., van Liempt, A., & Gridnevskiy, K. (2016). Emotion clusters for concentration camp memorials. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 244–247. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.005.
- Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1101–1106. doi:10.1177/0956797611418527.
- Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715–740.
- Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78–102.
- Oliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: Identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 984–1004.
- Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5), 411.
- Pearce, P. L. (2009). The relationship between positive psychology and tourist behavior studies. Tourism Analysis, 14(1), 37–48.
- Pearce, P. L., Filep, S., & Ross, G. (2011). Tourists, tourism and well being. Wallingford: CAB International.
- Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883–899. doi:10.1037/pspi0000018.
- Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
- Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In Psychology of sustainable development (pp. 61–78). Boston, MA: Springer.
- Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1–13.
- Steger, M. F. (2016). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and meaning: Me versus us; fleeting versus enduring. In Handbook of eudaimonic well-being (pp. 175–182). Cham: Springer.
- Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., McNeil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 258–269. doi:10.1037/pspi0000109.
- Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A. M., Piff, P. K., Cordaro, D., Anderson, C. L., Bai, Y., … Keltner, D. (2017). Self-transcendent emotions and their social functions: Compassion, gratitude, and awe bind us to others through prosociality. Emotion Review, 9(3), 200–207. doi:10.1177/1754073916684557.
- Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011.
- Swim, J. K., & Bloodhart, B. (2015). Portraying the perils to polar bears: The role of empathic and objective perspective-taking toward animals in climate change communication. Environmental Communication, 9(4), 446–468.
- Tam, K. P. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64–78.
- Turner, L., & Ash, J. (1975). The golden hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery. London: Constable Limited.
- U.S. Travel association. (2018). U.S. travel answer sheet [Text]. Retrieved from https://www.ustravel.org/answersheet
- Uysal, M., Perdue, R., & Sirgy, M. J. (eds.). (2012). Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. L. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261.
- Van Cappellen, P., Saroglou, V., Iweins, C., Piovesana, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Self-transcendent positive emotions increase spirituality through basic world assumptions. Cognition and Emotion, 27(8), 1378–1394. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.787395.
- Wheaton, M., Ardoin, N. M., Hunt, C., Schuh, J. S., Kresse, M., Menke, C., & Durham, W. (2016). Using web and mobile technology to motivate pro-environmental action after a nature-based tourism experience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(4), 594–615.
- World Bank. (2018). International tourism, number of arrivals Data. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL
- Yaden, D. B., Haidt, J., Hood, R. W., Jr., Vago, D. R., & Newberg, A. B. (2017). The varieties of self-transcendent experience. Review of General Psychology, 21(2), 143–160.