708
Views
127
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

NORMAL AND IMPAIRED SPELLING IN A CONNECTIONIST DUAL-ROUTE ARCHITECTURE

&
Pages 115-162 | Published online: 09 Sep 2010

References

  • Baron , J. and Strawson , C. 1976 . Use of orthographie and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 2 : 386 – 392 .
  • Barry , C. 1994 . “ Spelling routes (or roots orrutes) ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 27 – 49 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Barry , C. and Seymour , P. H. K. 1988 . Lexical priming and sound-to-spelling contingency effects in nonword spelling . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40A : 5 – 40 .
  • Baxter , D. M. and Warrington , E. K. 1987 . Ideational agraphia: A single case study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 369 – 374 .
  • Beauvois , M. F. and Derousné , J. 1981 . Lexical or orthographie agraphia . Brain , 104 : 21 – 49 .
  • Behrmann , M. 1987 . The rites of righting writing: Homophone remediation in acquired dysgraphia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 365 – 384 .
  • Behrmann , M. and Bub , D. 1992 . Surface dylexia and dysgraphia: Dual routes, single lexicon . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 209 – 251 .
  • Brown , G. D. A. 1987 . Resolving inconsistencies: A computational model of word naming . Journal of Memory and Language , 26 : 1 – 23 .
  • Brown , G. D. A and Ellis , N. C. , eds. Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Brown , G. D. A. and Loosemore , R. P. W. 1994 . “ Computational approaches to normal and impaired spelling ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 319 – 336 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Bub , D. , Cancelliere , A. and Kertesz , A. 1985 . “ Wholeword and analytic translation of spelling to sound in a non-semantic reader ” . In Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading , Edited by: Patterson , K. E. , Marshall , J. C. and Coltheart , M. 15 – 34 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Bub , D. and Kertesz , A. 1982 . Evidence for lexicographic processing in a patient with preserved written over oral single word naming . Brain , 105 : 697 – 717 .
  • Bullinaria , J. Connectionist modelling of spelling . Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . pp. 78 – 83 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Bullinaria , J. 1997 . Modelling reading, spelling and past tense learning with artificial neural networks . Brain and Language , 59 : 236 – 266 .
  • Bullinaria , J. and Chater , N. 1995 . Connectionist modelling: Implications for cognitive neuropsychology . Language and Cognitive Processes , 10 : 227 – 264 .
  • Caramazza , A. and Miceli , G. 1990 . The structure of graphemic representations . Cognition , 37 : 243 – 297 .
  • Caramazza , A. , Miceli , G. , Villa , G. and Romani , C. 1987 . The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling: evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia . Cognition , 26 : 59 – 85 .
  • Casdes , A. and Coltheart , M. 1996 . Cognitive correlates of developmental surface dyslexia: A single case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 25 – 50 .
  • Cipolotti , L. and Warrington , E. K. 1995 . Semantic memory and reading abilities: A case report . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 1 : 104 – 110 .
  • Coltheart , M. 1978 . “ Lexical access in simple reading tasks ” . In Strategies of information processing , Edited by: Underwood , G. London : Academic Press .
  • Coltheart , M. 1985 . “ Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading ” . In Attention and performance XI , Edited by: Posner , M. I. and Mar , O. S. M. 337 Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Coltheart , M. and Funnell , E. 1987 . “ Reading and writing: One lexicon or two? ” . In Language perception and production: Relationships between listening, speaking, reading and writing , Edited by: Allport , A. MacKay , D. G. 313 – 339 . London : Academic Press .
  • Coltheart , M. , Masterson , J. , Byng , S. , Prior , M. and Riddoch , J. 1983 . Surface dyslexia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 37A : 469 – 495 .
  • Coltheart , M. and Rastie , K. 1994 . Serial processing in reading aloud: Evidence for dual-route models of reading . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 1197 – 1211 .
  • Coltheart , M. , Rastie , C. , Perry , C. , Langdon , R. and Ziegler , J. 2001 . DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud . Psychological Review , 108 : 204 – 258 .
  • Dell , G. S. , Schwarte , M. F. , Martin , N. , Saffran , E. M. and Gagnon , D. A. 1997 . Lexical access in aphasie and nonaphasic speakers . Psychological Review , 104 : 801 – 838 .
  • Demonet , J. F. , Chollet , F. , Ramsay , S. , Cardebat , D. , Nespoulous , J. L. Wise , R. 1992 . The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects . Brain , 115 : 1753 – 1768 .
  • Denes , F. , Cipolotti , L. and Zorzi , M. 1999 . “ Acquired dyslexias and dysgraphias ” . In Handbook of clinical and experimental neuropsychology , Edited by: Denes , G. and Pizzamiglio , L. 289 – 317 . ). Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
  • De Parte , M.-P. , Seron , X. and Van der Linden , M. 1992 . Re-education of a surface dysgraphia with a visual imagery strategy . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 369 – 401 .
  • Ellis , A. 1988 . Normal writing processes and peripheral acquired dysgraphias . Language and Cognitive Processes , 3 : 99 – 127 .
  • Forster , K. L and Chambers , S. 1973 . Lexical access and naming time . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 12 : 627 – 635 .
  • Frith , U. , ed. 1980 . Cognitive processes in spelling , London : Academic Press .
  • Funnell , E. 1996 . Response biases in oral reading: An account of the co-occurrence of surface dyslexia and semantic dementia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 417 – 446 .
  • Gelb , L. J. 1952 . A study of 'writing , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Glasspool , D. and Houghton , G. 2002 . Serial order and consonant-vowel structure in a model of disordered spelling Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Glosser , G. , Grugan , P. and Friedman , R. B. 1999 . “ Comparison of reading and spelling in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease ” . In Neuropsychology 350 – 358 .
  • Glosser , G. , Kohn , S. E. , Sands , L. , Grugan , P. K. and Friedman , R. B. 1999b . Impaired spelling in Alzheimer's disease: A linguistic deficit? . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 807 – 815 .
  • Gluck , M. A. and Bower , G. H. 1988a . Evaluating an adaptive network model of human learning . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 166 – 195 .
  • Gluck , M. A. and Bower , G. H. 1988b . From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 227 – 247 .
  • Goodman , R. A. and Caramazza , A. 1986 . Aspects of the spelling process: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia . Language and Cognitive Processes , 1 : 263 – 296 .
  • Goodman-Schulman , R. and Caramazza , A. 1987 . Patterns of dysgraphia and the nonlexical spelling process . Cortex , 23 : 143 – 148 .
  • Goswami , U. and Bryant , P. 1990 . Phonological skills and learning to read , Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Graham , N. L. 2000 . Dysgraphia in dementia . Neurocase , 6 : 365 – 376 .
  • Graham , N. L. , Hodges , J. R. and Patterson , K. 1994 . The relationship between comprehension and oral reading in progressive fluent aphasia . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 299 – 316 .
  • Graham , N. L. , Patterson , K. and Hodges , J. R. 1997 . Progressive dysgraphia: Co-occurrence of central and peripheral impairments . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 975 – 1005 .
  • Graham , N. L. , Patterson , K. and Hodges , J. R. 2000 . The impact of semantic memory impairment on spelling: Evidence from semantic dementia . Neuropsychologia , 38 : 143 – 163 .
  • Grainger , J. and Jacobs , A. M. 1996 . Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model . Psychological Review , 103 : 518 – 565 .
  • Grossberg , S. 1980 . How does a brain build a cognitive code? . Psychological Review , 87 : 1 – 51 .
  • Hahn , U. and Nakisa , R. C. 2000 . German inflection: Single route or dual route? . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 313 – 360 .
  • Hall , D. A. and Riddoch , M. J. 1997 . Word meaning deafness: Spelling words that are not understood . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 1131 – 1164 .
  • Hanley , R. , Hastie , K. and Kay , J. 1992 . Developmental surface dyslexia and dysgraphia: An orthographic processing impairment . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44A : 285 – 319 .
  • Harm , M. and Seidenberg , M. S. 1999 . Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models . Psychological Review , 106 : 491 – 528 .
  • Hartley , T. and Houghton , G. 1996 . A linguisticallyconstrained model of short-term memory for nonwords . Journal of Memory and Language , 35 : 1 – 31 .
  • Hatfield , F. M. and Patterson , K. E. 1983 . Phonological spelling . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 35A : 451 – 468 .
  • Hinton , G. E. and Shallice , T. 1989 . Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia . Psychological Review , 98 : 74 – 95 .
  • Houghton , G. , Glasspool , D. and Shallice , T. 1994 . “ Spelling and serial recall: Insights from a competitive queuing model ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 365 – 404 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Houghton , G. and Hartley , T. 1996 . Parallel models of serial behaviour Lashley revisted. Psyche, 2. Retrieved month, day, year, from
  • Houghton , G. and Zorzi , M. A model of the sound-spelling mapping in English and its role in word and nonword spelling . Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society . pp. 490 – 495 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Hughes , J. C. , Graham , N. , Patterson , K. and Hodges , J. R. 1997 . Dysgraphia in mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type . Neuropsychologia , 35 : 533 – 545 .
  • Kessler , B. and Treiman , R. 2001 . Relationships between sounds and letters in English monosyllables . Journal of Memory and Language , 44 : 592 – 617 .
  • Kohonen , T. 1984 . Self-organisation and associative memory , New York : Springer .
  • Kleiner , D. S. 1992 . Reaction time measures of spelling: Testing a two-strategy model of skilled spelling . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 18 : 765 – 776 .
  • Kreiner , D. S. 1996 . Effects of word familiarity and phoneme-grapheme polygraphy on oral spelling time and accuracy . The Psychological Record , 46 : 49 – 70 .
  • Kreiner , D. S. and Gough , P. B. 1990 . Two ideas about spelling: Rules and word-specific memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 29 : 103 – 118 .
  • Kucera , H. and Francis , W. N. 1967 . Computational analysis of present-day American English , Providence, RI : Brown University Press .
  • Lambert , J. , Eustache , F. , Viader , F. , Dary , M. , Rioux , P. and Lechevalier , B. 1996 . Agraphia in Alzheimer's disease: An independent lexical impairment . Brain and Language , 53 : 222 – 233 .
  • Lambon Ralph , M. , Ellis , A. W. and Franklin , S. 1995 . Semantic loss without surface dyslexia . Neurocase , 1 : 363 – 369 .
  • Lashley , K. S. 1951/1960 . “ The problem of serial order in behaviour ” . In The neuropsychology of Lashley , Edited by: Beach , F. , Hebb , D. , Morgan , C. and Nissen , H. 506 – 528 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Link , K. and Caramazza , A. 1994 . “ Orthographic structure and the spelling process: A comparison of different codes ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 261 – 294 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Macoir , J. and Bernier , J. 2002 . Is surface dysgraphia tied to semantic impairment? Evidence from a case of semantic dementia . Brain and Cognition , 48 : 452 – 457 .
  • McCarthy , R. and Warrington , E. K. 1986 . Phonological reading: Phenomena and paradoxes . Cortex , 22 : 359 – 380 .
  • McClelland , J. D. and Elman , J. L. 1986 . The TRACE model of speech perception . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 1 – 86 .
  • McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1981 . An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings . Psychological Review , 88 : 375 – 407 .
  • Miller , R. R. , Barnet , R. C. and Grahame , N. J. 1995 . Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 363 – 386 .
  • Morais , J. , Cary , L. , Alegria , J. and Bertelson , P. 1979 . Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phonemes arise spontaneously? . Cognition , 7 : 323 – 331 .
  • Morton , J. 1980 . “ The logogen model and orthographic structure ” . In Cognitive processes in spelling , Edited by: Frith , U. 117-113 London : Academic Press .
  • Noble , K. , Glosser , G. and Grossman , M. 2000 . Oral reading in dementia . Brain and Language , 74 : 48 – 69 .
  • Noms , D. 1994 . A quantitative, multiple levels model of reading aloud . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 1212 – 1232 .
  • Olson , A. and Caramazza , A. 1994 . “ Representation and connectionist models: The NETspell experience ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 337 – 364 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Patterson , K. and Behrmann , M. 1997 . Frequency and consistency effects in a pure surface dyslexic patient . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 23 : 1217 – 1231 .
  • Patterson , K. E. and Hodges , J. R. 1992 . Deterioration of word meaning: Implications for reading . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 1025 – 1040 .
  • Paulesu , E. , McCrory , E. , Fazio , F. , Menoncello , L. , Brunswick , N. , Cappa , S. F. , Cotelli , M. , Cossu , G. , Corte , F. , Lorossu , M. , Pesenti , S. , Gallagher , A. , Perani , D. , Price , C. , Frith , C. D. and Frith , U. 2000 . A cultural effect on brain function . Nature Neuroscience , 3 : 91 – 96 .
  • Penniello , M. J. , Lambert , J. Eustache , F. 1995 . A PET study of the functional neuroanatomy of writing impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The role of the left supramarginal and left angular gyri . Brain , 118 : 697 – 706 .
  • Pinker , S. 1997 . Words and rules in the human brain . Nature , 387 : 547 – 548 .
  • Platel , H. , Lambert , J. , Eustache , F. , Cadet , B. , Dary , M. , Viader , F. and Lechevalier , B. 1993 . Characteristics and evolution of writing impairment in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 1147 – 1158 .
  • Plaut , D. C. , McClelland , J. L. , Seidenberg , M. S. and Patterson , K. E. 1996 . Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domain . Psychological Review , 103 : 56 – 115 .
  • Plaut , D. C. and Shallice , T. 1993 . Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 10 : 377 – 500 .
  • Plunkett , K. and Marchman , V. 1991 . U-shaped learning and frequency-effects in a multilayered perception-Implications for child language acquisition . Cognition , 38 : 43 – 102 .
  • Price , C. J. , Moore , C. J. , Humphreys , G. W. and Wise , R. J. S. 1997 . Segregating semantic from phonological processing during reading . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 9 : 727 – 733 .
  • Rapcsak , S. Z. , Arthur , S. A. , Bliklen , D. A. and Rubens , A. B. 1989 . Lexical agraphia in Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 46 : 65 – 68 .
  • Rapcsak , S. Z. , Arthur , S. A. and Rubens , A. B. 1988 . Lexical agraphia from focal lesion of the left precentral gyrus . Neurology , 38 : 1119 – 1123 .
  • Rapp , B. , Epstein , C. and Tainturier , M. J. 2002 . The integration of information across lexical and sublexical processes in spelling . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 19 : 1 – 29 .
  • Rapp , B. and Goldrick , M. 2000 . Discreteness and interactivity in spoken word production . Psychological Review , 107 : 460 – 499 .
  • Roeltgen , D. P. and Heilman , K. M. 1984 . Lexical agraphia: Further support for the two-system hypothesis of linguistic agraphia . Brain , 107 : 811 – 827 .
  • Rosenblatt , F. 1962 . Principles of neurodynamics , New York : Spartan .
  • Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. and Williams , R. J. 1986 . “ Learning internal representations by error propagation ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Exploration in the microstructure of cognition. Volume 1: Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClell , J. L. 318 – 362 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Schwanz , M. F. , Saffran , E. M. and Marin , O. S. M. 1980 . “ Fractionating the reading process in dementia: Evidence for word-specific print-to-sound associations ” . In Deep dyslexia , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Patterson , K. E. and Marshall , J. C. 259 – 269 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
  • Seidenberg , M. S. and McClelland , J. L. 1989 . A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 : 523 – 568 .
  • Seidenberg , M. S. , Waters , G. S. , Barnes , M. A. and Tanenhaus , M. K. 1984 . When does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition? . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 23 : 383 – 404 .
  • Sejnowski , T. J. and Rosenberg , C. R. 1987 . Parallel networks that learn to pronounce English text . Complex Systems , 1 : 145 – 168 .
  • Shallice , T. 1981 . Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in writing . Brain , 104 : 413 – 429 .
  • Shallice , T. 1988 . From neuropsychology to mental structure , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Shallice , T. , Glasspool , D. W. and Houghton , G. 1995 . Can neuropsychological evidence inform connectionist modelling? Analyses of spelling . Language and Cognitive Processes , 10 : 195 – 225 .
  • Shanks , D. R. 1991 . Categorization by a connectionist network . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 433 – 443 .
  • Stone , G. O. , Vanhoy , M. and Sc Van Orden , G. C. 1997 . Perception is a two-way street: Feedforward and feedback phonology in visual word recognition . Journal of Memory and Language , 36 : 337 – 359 .
  • Sutton , R. S. and Barto , A. G. 1981 . Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediciton . Psychological Review , 88 : 135 – 170 .
  • Taraban , R. and McClelland , J. L. 1987 . Conspiracy effects in word pronunciation . Journal of Memory and Language , 26 : 608 – 631 .
  • Thomas , M. and Karmiloff-Smith , A. Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage? Implications from connectionist modelling . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , in press
  • Treiman , R. 1986 . The division between onsets and rimes in English syllables . Journal of Memory and Language , 25 : 476 – 491 .
  • Treiman , R. 1993 . Beginning to spell: A study of first grade children , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Treiman , R. 1994 . “ Sources of information used by beginning spellers ” . In Handbook of spelling: Theory, process and intervention , Edited by: Brown , G. D. A. and Ellis , N. C. 75 – 92 . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley .
  • Treiman , R. and Barry , C. 2000 . Dialect and authography: Some differences between American and British spellers . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 26 : 1423 – 1430 .
  • Treiman , R. and Chafetz , J. 1987 . “ Are there onset- and rime-like units in printed words? ” . In Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading , Edited by: Coltheart , M. Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Treiman , R. , Kessler , B. and Bick , S. Context sensitivity in the spelling of English vowels . Journal of Memory and Language , in press
  • Treiman , R. , Mullenix , J. , Bijeljac-Babic , R. and Richmond-Welty , E. D. 1995 . The special role of rimes in the description, use, and acquisition of English orthography . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 107 – 136 .
  • Ward , J. , Stott , R. and Parian , A. J. 2000 . The role of semantics in reading and spelling: Evidence for the “summation hypothesis” . Neuropsychologia , 38 : 1643 – 1653 .
  • Weekes , B. and Coltheart , M. 1996 . Surface dyslexia and surface dysgraphia: Treatment studies and their theoretical implications . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 277 – 315 .
  • Widrow , G. and Hoff , M. E. 1960 . “ Adaptive switching circuits ” . In Institute of Radio Engineers, Western Electronic Show and Convention Record, Part 4 96 – 104 .
  • Ziegler , J. C. , Stone , G. O. and Jacobs , A. M. 1997 . What is the pronunciation for -ough and the spelling for /u/? A database for computing feedforward and feedback consistency in English . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 29 : 600 – 618 .
  • Zorzi , M. 2000 . Serial processing in reading aloud: No challenge for a parallel model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 847 – 856 .
  • Zorzi , M. , Houghton , G. and Butterworth , B. 1998a . Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1131 – 1161 .
  • Zorzi , M. , Houghton , G. and Butterworth , B. 1998b . The development of spelling-sound relationships in a model of phonological reading . Language and Cognitive Processes , 13 : 337 – 371 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.