Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia

References

• Andrews , S. 1989 . Frequency and neighbourhood effects on lexical access: Activation or search . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 15 : 802 – 814 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , S. 1992 . Frequency and neighbourhood effects on lexical access: Lexical similarity or orthographic redundancy . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 : 234 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. , Bowers , J. and Bub , D. 1996 . Implicit lexical access in letter-by-letter reading is not mediated by the right hemisphere . Brain and Cognition , 30 : 275 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1993 . Evidence for an independent stimulus-centred spatial reference frame from a case of visual hemineglect . Cortex , 29 : 349 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1994 . Pure alexia: Attempted rehabilitation and its implications for interpretation of the deficit . Brain and Language , 47 : 233 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1995 . Priming and response selection processes in letter classification and identification tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 1199 – 1219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1996 . A facilitatory effect of orthographic neighbourhood size in letter-by-letter reading . International Journal of Psychology , 31 : 402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1997 . Lexical constraints on reading accuracy in neglect dyslexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 765 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin , M. , Bub , D. and Bowers , J. S. 1998 . Extent and limits of covert lexical activation in letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 53 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashinski , H. S. and Bacharach , V. R. 1980 . Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of seleclively attending to spatial locations . Perception and Psychophysics , 28 : 241 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and McLeod , J. 1995 . Rehabilitation for pure alexia: Efficacy of therapy and implications for models of normal word recognition . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 5 : 149 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. , Nelson , J. and Sekuler , E. B. 1998a . Visual complexity in letter-by-letter-reading: "pure" alexia is not pure . Neuropsychologia , 36 : 1115 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. , Haut , D. C. and Nelson , J. 1998b . A literature review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 7 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann , M. and Shallice , T. 1995 . Pure alexia: A nonspatial visual disorder affecting letter activation . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 12 : 409 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , J. S. , Arguin , M. and Bub , D. 1996a . Fast and specific access to orthographic knowledge in a case of letter-by-letter surface alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 525 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers , J. S. , Bub , D. and Arguin , M. 1996b . A characterization of the word superiority effect in pure alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 13 : 415 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bub , D. and Arguin , M. 1995 . Visual word activation in pure alexia . Brain and Language , 49 : 77 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bub , D. , Black , S. and Howell , J. 1989 . Word recognition and orthographic context effects in a letter-byletter reader . Brain and Language , 36 : 357 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreiras , M. , Perea , M. and Grainger , J. 1997 . Effects of orthographic neighbourhood in visual word recognition: Cross-task comparisons . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 23 : 857 – 871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Davelaar , E. , Jonasson , J. T. and Besner , D. 1977 . “ Access to the internal lexicon ” . In Attention and performance VI , Edited by: Domic , S. 535 – 555 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Monsul , N. 1994 . Reading and the right hemisphere: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation . Brain and Language , 46 : 198 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Saffran , E. M. 1989 . Evidence for preserved reading in “pure alexia” . Brain , 112 : 327 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. and Saffran , E. M. 1994 . “ Mechanisms of implicit reading in pure alexia ” . In The neuropsychology of high-level vision , Edited by: Farah , M. J. and Ratcliff , G. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Coslett , H. B. , Saffran , E. M. , Greenbaum , S. and Schwarte , H. 1993 . Reading in pure alexia: The effect of strategy . Brain , 116 : 21 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1983 . The anatomic basis of pure alexia . Neurology , 33 : 1573 – 1583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. J. 1892 . Contribution à l'étude anaromopathologique et clinique des différentes variétés de cécité verbale . Comptes rendus et mémoires de la société de biologie , : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Farah , M. J. and Wallace , M. A. 1991 . Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 313 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster , K. I. and Chambers , S. M. 1973 . Lexical access and naming time . Journal of ‘Verbal’Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 627 – 635 .
   Google Scholar
• Frederiksen , J. R. and Kroll , J. F. 1976 . Spelling and sound: Approaches to the internal lexicon . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 2 : 361 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Alexander , M. P. 1984 . Pictures, images, and pure alexia: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , R. B. and Hadley , J. A. 1992 . Letter-by-letter surface alexia: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 185 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore , G. C. , Hersh , H. , Caramazza , A. and Griffin , J. 1979 . Multidimensional letter similarity derived from recognition errors . Perception and Psychophysics , 25 : 405 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , H. L. , Hillyard , S. A. , Luck , S. J. , Mouloua , M. , Downing , C. J. and Woodward , O. P. 1990 . Visual attention modulates signal detectability . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 16 : 802 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , J. M. 1991 . Stimulus discrimination following covert attentional orienting to an exogenous cue . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 17 : 91 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. 1991 . “ Letter-by-letter readers: Evidence for parallel processing ” . In Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. W. 34 – 76 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hummel , J. E. and Stankiewicz , B. J. 1998 . Two roles for attention in shape perception: A structural description model of visual scrutiny . Visual Cognition , 5 : 49 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. F , Goodglass , H. and Weintraub , S. 1983 . The Boston Naming Test , 2nd ed. , Philadelphia, PA : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , J. and Hanley , R. 1991 . Simultaneous form perception and serial letter recognition in a case of letter-by-letter reading . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 249 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , J. , Lesser , R. and Coltheart , M. 1992 . Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA) , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne , M. and Warrington , E. K. 1962 . A disorder of simultaneous form perception . Brain , 85 : 461 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuçera , M. and Francis , W. 1967 . Computational analysis of present-day American English , Providence, RI : Brown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , D. M. and Calvanio , R. A. 1978 . A study of the visual defect in verbal alexia-simultanagnosia . Brain , 101 : 65 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis , J. M. 1982 . Analysis of tactile and visual confusion matrices . Perception and Psychophysics , 31 : 41 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. 1959 . Individual choice behavior , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. 1977 . The choice axiom after twenty years . Journal of ‘Mathematical Psychology’ , 15 : 215 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayzner , M. S. and Tresselt , M. E. 1965 . Tables of single-letter and digram frequency counts for various word-lengths and letter-position combinations . Psychonomic Monograph Supplement , 1 : 13
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1981 . An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception. Part 1: An account of basic findings . Psychological Review , 88 : 375 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montant , M. and Behrmann , M. 2001 . Phonological activation in pure alexia . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 18 : 697 – 727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , K. and Kay , J. 1982 . Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 411 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaut , D. 1999 . A connectionist approach to word reading and acquired dyslexia: Extension to sequential processing . Cognitive Science , 23 : 543 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh , K. R. , Rexer , K. , Peter , M. and Kate , L. 1994 . Neighbourhood effects in visual word recognition: Effects of letter delay and nonword context difficulty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 20 : 639 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp , B. C. and Caramazza , A. 1991 . Spatially determined deficits in letter and word processing . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 8 : 275 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter-Lorenz , P. A. and Brunn , J. L. 1990 . A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 7 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. M. and Coslett , H. B. 1998 . Implicit vs. letter-by-letter reading in pure alexia: A tale of two systems . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 15 : 141 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears , C. R. , Hino , Y. and Lupker , S. J. 1995 . Neighbourhood size and neighbourhood frequency effects in word recognition . Journal of ‘Experimental’ Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 21 : 876 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Saffian , E. 1986 . Lexical processing in the absence of explicit word identification: Evidence from a letter-by-letter reader . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 429 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass , J. G. and Townsend , J. T. 1980 . Comparing parallel and serial models: Theory and implementation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 6 : 330 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend , J. T. 1971 . Theoretical analysis of an alphabetic confusion matrix . Perception and Psychophysics , 9 : 40 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend , J. T. 1990 . Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but they can (and should) be distinguished . Psychological Science , 1 : 46 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden , A. H. C. , Malhas , M. S. M. and Van den Roovaart , B. P. 1984 . An empirical interletter confusion matrix for continuous-line capitals . Perception and Psychophysics , 35 : 85 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington , E. K. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Word-form dyslexia . Brain , 103 : 99 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weekes , B. S. 1997 . Differential effects of number of letters on word and nonword naming latency . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50A : 439 – 456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar