A time to think: Circadian rhythms in human cognition

REFERENCES

• Adan , A. and Almirall , H. 1990 . Adaptation and standardization of a Spanish version of the morningness eveningness questionnaire: Individual differences . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 1123 – 1130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerstedt , T. and Gillberg , M. 1990 . Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual . International Journal of Neuroscience , 52 : 29 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschoff , J. and Wever , R. Human circadian rhythms: A multioscillatory system . Federal Proceedings , Vol. 35 , pp. 236 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Babkoff , H. , Caspy , T. and Mikulincer , M. 1991 . Subjective sleepiness ratings: The effects of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythmicity and cognitive performance . Sleep , 14 : 534 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babkoff , H. , Mikulincer , M. , Caspy , T. , Kempinski , D. and Sing , H. 1988 . The topology of performance curves during 72 hours of sleep loss: A memory and search task . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: A. Human Experimental Psychology , 40 : 737 – 756 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babkoff , H. , Zukerman , G. , Fostick , L. and Ben-Artzi , E. 2005 . Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment . Journal of Sleep Research , 14 : 7 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 2003 . Working memory: Looking back and looking forward . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 4 : 829 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baehr , E. K. , Revelle , W. and Eastman , C. I. 2000 . Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: With an emphasis on morningness–eveningness . Journal of Sleep Research , 9 : 117 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , S. L. and Heitkemper , M. M. 2001 . Circadian rhythmicity of cortisol and body temperature: Morningness–eveningness effects . Chronobiology International , 18 : 249 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatter , K. and Cajochen , C. 2007 . Circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: Methodological constraints, protocols, theoretical underpinnings . Physiology and Behavior , 90 : 196 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatter , K. , Graw , P. , Munch , M. , Knoblauch , V. , Wirz-Justice , A. and Cajochen , C. 2006 . Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions . Behavioral Brain Research , 168 : 312 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatter , K. , Opwis , K. , Munch , M. , Wirz-Justice , A. and Cajochen , C. 2005 . Sleep loss-related decrements in planning performance in healthy elderly depend on task difficulty . Journal of Sleep Research , 14 : 409 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodenhausen , G. V. 1990 . Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination . Psychological Science , 1 : 319 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefond , A. , Rohmer , O. , Hoeft , A. , Muzet , A. and Tassi , P. 2003 . Interaction of age with time of day and mental load in different cognitive tasks . Perceptual Motor Skills , 96 : 1223 – 1236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet , M. H. 2000 . “ Sleep deprivation ” . In Principles and practice of sleep medicine , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Dement , W. C. 53 – 71 . Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Borbély , A. A. 1982 . A two process model of sleep regulation . Human Neurobiology , 1 : 195 – 204 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , L. N. , Goddard , K. M. , Lahar , C. J. and Mosley , J. L. 1999 . Age-related deficits in cognitive functioning are not mediated by time of day . Experimental Aging Research , 25 : 81 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugg , J. M. , DeLosh , E. L. and Clegg , B. A. 2006 . Physical activity moderates time-of-day differences in older adults' working memory performance . Experimental Aging Research , 32 : 431 – 446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysse , D. J. , Monk , T. H. , Carrier , J. and Begley , A. 2005 . Circadian patterns of sleep, sleepiness, and performance in older and younger adults . Sleep , 28 : 1365 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen , C. , Blatter , K. and Wallach , D. 2004a . Circadian and sleep-wake dependent impact on neurobehavioral function . Psychologica Belgica , 44 : 59 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen , C. , Khalsa , S. B. , Wyatt , J. K. , Czeisler , C. A. and Dijk , D. J. 1999 . EEG and ocular correlates of circadian melatonin phase and human performance decrements during sleep loss . American Journal of Physiology , 277 : R640 – R649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen , C. , Knoblauch , V. , Krauchi , K. , Renz , C. and Wirz-Justice , A. 2001 . Dynamics of frontal EEG activity, sleepiness and body temperature under high and low sleep pressure . Neuroreport , 12 : 2277 – 2281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen , C. , Knoblauch , V. , Wirz-Justice , A. , Krauchi , K. , Graw , P. and Wallach , D. 2004b . Circadian modulation of sequence learning under high and low sleep pressure conditions . Behavioral Brain Research , 151 : 167 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier , J. and Monk , T. H. 2000 . Circadian rhythms of performance: New trends . Chronobiology International , 17 : 719 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casagrande , M. , Violani , C. , Curcio , G. and Bertini , M. 1997 . Assessing vigilance through a brief pencil and paper letter cancellation task (LCT): Effects of one night of sleep deprivation and of the time of day . Ergonomics , 40 : 613 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleeremans , A. and McClelland , J. L. 1991 . Learning the structure of event sequences . Journal of Experimental Psychology General , 120 : 235 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , N. J. and Squire , L. R. 1980 . Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that . Science , 210 : 207 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collette , F. , Hogge , M. and Salmon , E. 2006 . Exploration of the neural substrates of executive functioning by functional neuroimaging . Neuroscience , 139 : 209 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquhoun , P. 1981 . “ Rhythms in performance ” . In Handbook of behavioral neurobiology , Edited by: Aschoff , J. Vol. 4 , 333 – 347 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corbera , X. , Grau , C. and Vendrell , P. 1993 . Diurnal oscillations in hemispheric performance . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 : 300 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler , C. A. , Ronda , J. M. and Kronauer , R. E. 1985 . A clinical method to assess the endogenous circadian phase (ECP) of the deep circadian oscillator in man . Sleep , 14 : 295
   Google Scholar
• Daan , S. , Beersma , D. G. M. and Borbély , A. A. 1984 . Timing of human sleep: Recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker . American Journal of Physiology , 246 : R161 – R178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gennaro , L. , Ferrara , M. , Curcio , G. and Bertini , M. 2001 . Visual search performance across 40 h of continuous wakefulness: Measures of speed and accuracy and relation with oculomotor performance . Physiology and Behavior , 74 : 194 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk , D. J. and Duffy , J. F. 1999 . Circadian regulation of human sleep and age-related changes in its timing, consolidation and EEG characteristics . Annals of Medicine , 31 : 130 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk , D. J. , Duffy , J. F. and Czeisler , C. A. 1992 . Circadian and sleep/wake dependent aspects of subjective alertness and cognitive performance . Journal of Sleep Research , 1 : 112 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk , D. J. and von Schantz , M. 2005 . Timing and consolidation of human sleep, wakefulness, and performance by a symphony of oscillators . Journal of Biological Rhythms , 20 : 279 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges , D. F. 1989 . “ Napping patterns and effects in human adults ” . In Sleep and alertness: Chronobiological, behavioral, and medical aspects of napping , Edited by: Dinges , D. F. and Broughton , R. J. 171 – 204 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dinges , D. F. and Powell , J. W. 1985 . Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal of the Psychonomic Society , 17 : 625 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Dorrian , J. , Rogers , N. L. and Dinges , D. F. 2005 . “ Psychomotor vigilance performance: A neurocognitive assay sensitive to sleep loss ” . In Sleep deprivation: Clinical issues, pharmacology and sleep loss effects , Edited by: Kushida , C. 39 – 70 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Drummond , S. P. and Brown , G. G. 2001 . The effects of total sleep deprivation on cerebral responses to cognitive performance . Neuropsychopharmacology , 25 ( 5, Suppl. ) : S68 – S73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , J. F. , Dijk , D. J. , Klerman , E. B. and Czeisler , C. A. 1998 . Later endogenous circadian temperature nadir relative to an earlier wake time in older people . American Journal of Physiology , 275 : 1478 – 1487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , J. F. , Rimmer , D. W. and Czeisler , C. A. 2001 . Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness–eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase . Behavioral Neuroscience , 115 : 895 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbinghaus , H. 1964 . Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology , New York : Dover . (H. A. Rugen & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.) (Original work published 1885)
   Google Scholar
• Edgar , D. M. , Dement , W. C. and Fuller , C. A. 1993 . Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys, evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation . The Journal of Neuroscience , 13 : 1065 – 1079 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard , S. 1975 . Diurnal variation in logical reasoning . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard , S. 1990 . Circadian performance rhythms: Some practical and theoretical implications . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 327 : 543 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard , S. , Knauth , P. and Monk , T. H. 1976 . The effect of memory load on the circadian variation in performance efficiency under a rapidly rotating shift system . Ergonomics , 19 : 479 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkard , S. and Totterdell , P. 1994 . “Time since sleep” and “body clock” components of alertness and cognition . Acta Psychiatrica Belgica , 94 : 73 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folkard , S. , Wever , R. A. and Wildgruber , C. M. 1983 . Multi-oscillatory control of circadian rhythms in human performance . Nature , 305 : 223 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , D. J. , Badia , P. and Wright , K. P. J. 2004 . Inter- and intra-individual variability in performance near the circadian nadir during sleep deprivation . Journal of Sleep Research , 13 : 305 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froberg , J. E. 1977 . Twenty-four-hour patterns in human performance, subjective and physiological variables and differences between morning and evening active subjects . Biological Psychology , 5 : 119 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , A. I. 1916 . Variations in efficiency during the day, together with practice effects, sex differences, and correlations . University of California Publications in Psychology , 1 : 1 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Gillberg , M. , Kecklund , G. and Akerstedt , T. 1994 . Relations between performance and subjective ratings of sleepiness during a night awake . Sleep , 17 : 236 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitelman , D. R. 2003 . Attention and its disorders . British Medical Bulletin , 65 : 21 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , J. B. , Walker , M. P. and McKeith , I. G. 2000 . A comparison of sleep profiles in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 1028 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , Y. , Horne , J. A. and Rothwell , A. 2000 . Prefrontal neuropsychological effects of sleep deprivation in young adults—a model for healthy aging? . Sleep , 23 : 1067 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Chung , C. , May , C. P. and Foong , N. 2002 . Age, time of testing, and proactive interference . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56 : 200 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Goldstein , D. and May , C. 2005 . “ It's about time: Circadian rhythms, memory and aging ” . In Human learning and memory: Advances in theory and application , Edited by: Izawa , C. and Ohta , N. 199 – 217 . Kansas : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Zacks , R. T. and Rahhal , T. A. 1999 . Timing, instructions, and inhibitory control: Some missing factors in the age and memory debate . Gerontology , 45 : 355 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi , M. and Hori , T. 1998 . The effects of a 20-min nap before post-lunch dip . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 52 : 203 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo , M. P. , Zanette , C. B. , Pedrotti , M. , Souza , C. M. , Nunes , P. V. and Chaves , M. L. 2004 . Performance of chronotypes on memory tests during the morning and the evening shifts . Psychological Report , 95 : 75 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch , C. C. , Reynolds , C. F. , Jennings , J. R. , Monk , T. H. , Buysse , D. J. Machen , M. A. 1992 . Daytime sleepiness and performance among healthy 80 and 20 year olds . Neurobiology of Aging , 13 : 353 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoddes , E. , Dement , W. C. and Zarcone , V. 1972 . The development and use of the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) . Psychophysiology , 10 : 431 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman , M. A. and Swaab , D. F. 2006 . Living by the clock: The circadian pacemaker in older people . Ageing Research Reviews , 5 : 33 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne , J. A. , Brass , C. G. and Pettitt , A. N. 1980 . Circadian performance differences between morning and evening “types” . Ergonomics , 23 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne , J. A. and Östberg , O. 1976 . A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness–eveningness in human circadian rhythms . International Journal of Chronobiology , 4 : 97 – 110 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horowitz , T. S. , Cade , B. E. , Wolfe , J. M. and Czeisler , C. A. 2003 . Searching night and day: A dissociation of effects of circadian phase and time awake on visual selective attention and vigilance . Psychological Sciences , 14 : 549 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber , R. , Ghilardi , M. F. , Massimini , M. and Tononi , G. 2004 . Local sleep learning . Nature , 430 : 78 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intons-Peterson , M. J. , Rocchi , P. , West , T. , McLellan , K. and Hackney , A. 1998 . Aging, optimal testing times, and negative priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 24 : 362 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intons-Peterson , M. J. , Rocchi , P. , West , T. , McLellan , K. and Hackney , A. 1999 . Age, testing at preferred or nonpreferred times (testing optimality), and false memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 25 : 23 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara , K. , Miyake , S. , Miyasita , A. and Miyata , Y. 1991 . Morningness–eveningness preference and sleep habits in Japanese office workers of different ages . Chronobiologia , 18 : 9 – 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joanisse , M. F. and Gati , J. S. 2003 . Overlapping neural regions for processing rapid temporal cues in speech and nonspeech signals . Neuroimage , 19 : 64 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. P. , Duffy , J. F. , Dijk , D. J. , Ronda , J. M. , Dyal , C. M. and Czeisler , C. A. 1992 . Short-term memory, alertness and performance: A reappraisal of their relationship to body temperature . Journal of Sleep Research , 1 : 24 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleitman , N. 1987 . Sleep and wakefulness , (Rev. ed.). , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kleitman , N. , Titelbaum , S. and Feiveson , P. 1938 . The effect of body temperature on reaction time . American Journal of Physiology , 121 : 495 – 501 .
   Google Scholar
• Koulack , D. 1997 . Recognition memory circadian rhythmssleep . Perceptual and motor skills , 85 : 99 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer , S. , Danker-Hopfe , H. , Dorn , H. , Schmidt , A. , Ehlert , I. and Herrmann , W. M. 2000 . Time-of-day variations of indicators of attention: Performance, physiologic parameters, and self-assessment of sleepiness . Biological Psychiatry , 48 : 1069 – 1080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauchi , K. , Cajochen , C. and Wirz-Justice , A. 1997 . A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: Effects of postural change and melatonin administration . Journal of Applied Physiology , 83 : 134 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird , D. A. 1925 . Relative performance of college students as conditioned by time of day and day of week . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 8 : 50 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Leirer , V. O. , Decker-Tanke , E. D. and Morrow , D. G. 1994 . Time of day and naturalistic prospective memory . Experimental Aging Research , 20 : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leproult , R. , Colecchia , E. F. , Berardi , A. M. , Stickgold , R. , Kosslyn , S. M. and Van Cauter , E. 2003 . Individual differences in subjective and objective alertness during sleep deprivation are stable and unrelated . American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology , 284 : R280 – R290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leproult , R. , Van Reeth , O. , Byrne , M. M. , Sturis , J. and Van Cauter , E. 1997 . Sleepiness, performance, and neuroendocrine function during sleep deprivation: Effects of exposure to bright light or exercise . Journal of Biological Rhythms , 12 : 245 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , K. Z. , Hasher , L. , Jonas , D. , Rahhal , T. A. and May , C. P. 1998 . Distractibility, circadian arousal, and aging: A boundary condition? . Psychology of Aging , 13 : 574 – 583 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein , R. J. , Weingartner , H. , Gillin , J. C. , Kaye , W. , Ebert , M. and Mendelson , W. B. 1982 . Disturbances of sleep and cognitive functioning in patients with dementia . Neurobiology of Aging , 3 : 371 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze , M. , Treutwein , B. and Roenneberg , T. 2000 . Daily rhythm of vigilance assessed by temporal resolution of the visual system . Vision Research , 40 : 3467 – 3473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze , M. , Wittmann , M. , von Steinbuchel , N. , Poppel , E. and Roenneberg , T. 1999 . Daily rhythm of temporal resolution in the auditory system . Cortex , 35 : 89 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackworth , N. H. 1948 . The breakdown of vigilance during prolonged visual search . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1 : 6 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly , T. , Lewis , G. H. , Robertson , I. H. , Watson , P. C. and Datta , A. K. 2002 . Coffee in the cornflakes: Time-of-day as a modulator of executive response control . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavjee , V. and Horne , J. A. 1994 . Boredom effects on sleepiness/alertness in the early afternoon vs. early evening and interactions with warm ambient temperature . British Journal of Psychology , 85 : 317 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , C. P. 1999 . Synchrony effects in cognition: The costs and a benefit . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 6 : 142 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , C. P. and Hasher , L. 1998 . Synchrony effects in inhibitory control over thought and action . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 363 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , C. P. , Hasher , L. and Foong , N. 2005 . Implicit memory, age, and time of day: Paradoxical priming effects . Psychological Sciences , 16 : 96 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , C. P. , Hasher , L. and Stoltzfus , E. R. 1993 . Optimal time of day and the magnitude of age differences in memory . Psychological Science , 4 : 326 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecacci , L. , Zani , A. , Rocchetti , G. and Lucioli , R. 1986 . The relationship between morningness–eveningness, aging, and personality . Personality and Individual Differences , 7 : 911 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer , M. , Babkoff , H. , Caspy , T. and Sing , H. 1988 . The effects of 72 hours of sleep loss on psychological variables . British Journal of Psychology , 80 : 145 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , J. N. , Minors , D. S. and Waterhouse , J. M. 1978 . Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms . Journal of Physiology , 285 : 455 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minors , D. S. and Waterhouse , J. M. 1983 . Circadian rhythm amplitude—is it related to rhythm adjustment and/or worker motivation? . Ergonomics , 26 : 229 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller , H. J. , Devins , G. M. , Shen , J. and Shapiro , C. M. 2006 . Sleepiness is not the inverse of alertness: Evidence from four sleep disorder patient groups . Experimental Brain Research , 173 : 258 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. 1982 . The arousal model of time of day effects in human performance efficiency . Chronobiologia , 9 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monk , T. H. 1987 . Subjective ratings of sleepiness—the underlying circadian mechanisms . Sleep , 10 : 343 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. 1989 . A Visual Analogue Scale technique to measure global vigor and affect . Psychiatry Research , 27 : 89 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. 1997 . Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions . Journal of Sleep Research , 6 : 9 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. 2005 . Aging human circadian rhythms: Conventional wisdom may not always be right . Journal of Biological Rhythms , 20 : 366 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. , Buysse , D. J. , Carrier , J. , Billy , B. D. and Rose , L. R. 2001 . Effects of afternoon “siesta” naps on sleep, alertness, performance, and circadian rhythms in the elderly . Sleep , 24 : 680 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. , Buysse , D. J. , Reynolds , C. F. , Kupfer , D. J. and Houck , P. R. 1996 . Subjective alertness rhythms in elderly people . Journal of Biological Rhythms , 11 : 268 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. and Kupfer , D. J. 2000 . Circadian rhythms in healthy aging—effects downstream from the pacemaker . Chronobiology International , 17 : 355 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk , T. H. , Kupfer , D. J. , Frank , E. and Ritenour , A. M. 1991 . The Social Rhythm Metric (SRM): Measuring daily social rhythms over 12 weeks . Psychiatry Research , 36 : 195 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse , C. K. 1993 . Does variability increase with age? An archival study of cognitive measures . Psychology and Aging , 8 : 156 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münch , M. , Knoblauch , V. , Blatter , K. , Schroder , C. , Schnitzler , C. Krauchi , K. 2005 . Age-related attenuation of the evening circadian arousal signal in humans . Neurobiology of Aging , 26 : 1307 – 1319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , K. J. , West , R. , Armilio , M. L. , Craik , F. I. M. and Stuss , D. T. 2007 . Word-list learning performance in younger and older adults: Intra-individual performance variability and false memory . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 14 : 70 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygard , M. , Hill , R. H. , Wikstrom , M. A. and Kristensson , K. 2005 . Age-related changes in electrophysiological properties of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro . Brain Research Bulletin , 65 : 149 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr , W. C. , Hoffman , H. J. and Hegge , F. W. 1976 . The assessment of time dependent changes in human performance . Chronobiologia , 3 : 293 – 305 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens , D. S. , Macdonald , I. , Tucker , P. , Sytnik , N. , Minors , D. Waterhouse , J. 1998 . Diurnal trends in mood and performance do not all parallel alertness . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health , 24 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 109 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradee , C. V. , Rapport , L. J. , Hanks , R. A. and Levy , J. A. 2005 . Circadian preference and cognitive functioning among rehabilitation inpatients . Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 55 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz , A. and Berry , E. M. 1997 . Effect of meal composition on alertness and performance of hospital night-shift workers. Do mood and performance have different determinants? . Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism , 41 : 291 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peigneux , P. , Laureys , S. , Delbeuck , X. and Maquet , P. 2001 . Sleeping brain, learning brain. The role of sleep for memory systems . Neuroreport , 12 : A111 – A124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petros , T. V. , Beckwith , B. E. and Anderson , M. 1990 . Individual differences in the effects of time of day and passage difficulty on prose memory in adults . British Journal of Psychology , 81 : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak , C. P. and Perlick , D. 1991 . Sleep problems and institutionalization of the elderly . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 4 : 204 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Posner , M. I. 1995 . “ Attention in cognitive neuroscience: An overview ” . In The cognitive neurosciences , Edited by: Gazzaniga , M. S. 615 – 624 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez , C. , Talamantes , J. , Garcia , A. , Morales , M. , Valdez , P. and Menna-Barreto , L. 2006 . Circadian rhythms in phonological and visuospatial storage components of working memory . Biological Rhythm Research , 37 : 433 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. , Van Zandt , T. and McKoon , G. 1995 . Process dissociation, single-process theories, and recognition memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 352 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg , T. , Wirz-Justice , A. and Merrow , M. 2003 . Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes . Journal of Biological Rhythms , 18 : 80 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , N. L. , Dorrian , J. and Dinges , D. F. 2003 . Sleep, waking and neurobehavioural performance . Frontier Biosciences , 8 : S1056 – S1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , L. , Hatfield , C. and Hofstetter , M. 2002 . Caffeine reduces time-of-day effects on memory performance in older adults . Psychological Sciences , 13 : 68 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , Y. , Zarahn , E. , Hilton , H. J. , Flynn , J. , DeLaPaz , R. and Rakitin , B. 2003 . Exploring the neural basis of cognitive reserve . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 : 691 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stipacek , A. , Grabner , R. H. , Neuper , C. , Fink , A. and Neubauer , A. C. 2003 . Sensitivity of human EEG alpha band desynchronization to different working memory components and increasing levels of memory load . Neuroscience Letters , 353 : 193 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltzfus , E. R. and Zacks , R. T. 1996 . “ Working memory and aging Current status of the inhibition view ” . In Working memory and human cognition , Edited by: Richardson , J. T. E. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sturm , W. , Willmes , K. , Orgass , B. and Hartje , W. 1997 . Do specific attention deficits need specific training? . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 7 : 81 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillard , J. , Philip , P. , Coste , O. , Sagaspe , P. and Bioulac , B. 2003 . The circadian and homeostatic modulation of sleep pressure during wakefulness differs between morning and evening chronotypes . Journal of Sleep Research , 12 : 275 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temple , E. , Poldrack , R. A. , Protopapas , A. , Nagarajan , S. , Salz , T. Tallal , P. Disruption of the neural response to rapid acoustic stimuli in dyslexia: Evidence from functional MRI . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 97 , pp. 13907 – 13912 .
   Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Schacter , D. L. 1990 . Priming and human memory systems . Science , 247 : 301 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez , P. , Ramirez , C. , Garcia , A. , Talamantes , J. , Armijo , P. and Borrani , J. 2005 . Circadian rhythms in components of attention . Biological Rhythm Research , 36 : 57 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter , E. , Plat , L. , Leproult , R. and Copinschi , G. 1998 . Alterations of circadian rhythmicity and sleep in aging: Endocrine consequences . Hormone Research , 49 : 147 – 152 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van der Linden , M. and Collette , F. 2002 . “ Attention and normal ageing ” . In Applied neuropsychology of attention: Theory, diagnosis and rehabilitation , Edited by: Leclercq , M. and Zimmerman , P. 205 – 229 . London : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dongen , H. P. and Dinges , D. F. 2003 . Investigating the interaction between the homeostatic and circadian processes of sleep–wake regulation for the prediction of waking neurobehavioural performance . Journal of Sleep Research , 12 : 181 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dongen , H. P. and Dinges , D. F. 2005 . Sleep, circadian rhythms, and psychomotor vigilance . Clinics in Sports Medicine , 24 : 237 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dongen , H. P. , Vitellaro , K. M. and Dinges , D. F. 2005 . Individual differences in adult human sleep and wakefulness: Leitmotif for a research agenda . Sleep , 28 : 479 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Eekelen , A. and Kerkhof , G. 2003 . No interference of task complexity with circadian rhythmicity in a constant routine protocol . Ergonomics , 46 : 1578 – 1593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Someren , E. J. , Hagebeuk , E. E. , Lijzenga , C. , Scheltens , P. , de Rooij , S. E. Jonker , C. 1996 . Circadian rest–activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease . Biological Psychiatry , 40 : 259 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , A. D. 1999 . Working memory contributions to human learning and remembering . Neuron , 22 : 19 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. , Murphy , K. J. , Armilio , M. L. , Craik , F. I. and Stuss , D. T. 2002 . Effects of time of day on age differences in working memory . Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 57 : 3 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever , R. 1979 . The circadian system of man , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , G. D. 1990 . Personality, time of day, and arousal . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 153 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winocur , G. and Hasher , L. 2002 . “ Circadian rhythms and memory in aged humans and animals ” . In Neuropsychology of memory , (3rd ed. , Edited by: Schacter , L. R. S. D. L. 273 – 285 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolkove , N. , Elkholy , O. , Baltzan , M. and Palayew , M. 2007 . Sleep and aging: 1. Sleep disorders commonly found in older people . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 176 : 1299 – 1304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , K. P. Jr. , Hull , J. T. and Czeisler , C. A. 2002 . Relationship between alertness, performance, and body temperature in humans . American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology , 283 : R1370 – R1377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt , J. K. , Ritz-De Cecco , A. , Czeisler , C. A. and Dijk , D. J. 1999 . Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day . American Journal of Physiology , 277 : R1152 – R1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , C. 1997 . Age differences in consumers' processing strategies: An investigation of moderating influences . Journal of Consumer Research , 24 : 329 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , C. , May , C. P. and Hasher , L. 1999 . “ Aging, circadian arousal patterns, and cognition ” . In Cognitive aging: A primer , Edited by: Park , D. and Schwartz , N. 151 – 170 . Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar