Restoring primacy in amnesic free recall: Evidence for the recency theory of primacy

REFERENCES

• Alvarez , P. , Zola-Morgan , S. and Squire , L. R. 1994 . The animal model of human amnesia: Long-term memory impaired and short-term memory intact . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 91 : 5637 – 5641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. C. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1968 . “ Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Spence , J. T. and Spence , S. K. W. 89 – 195 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Axmacher , N. , Mormann , F. , Fernández , G. , Cohen , M. X. , Elger , C. E. and Fell , J. 2007 . Sustained neural activity patterns during working memory in the human medial temporal lobe . The Journal of Neuroscience , 27 : 7807 – 7816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 2000 . The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A and Hitch , G. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. 47 – 89 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , Jarrold , C. and Vargha-Khadem , F. 2011 . Working memory and the hippocampus . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 3855 – 3861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. and Warrington , E. 1970 . Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 9 : 176 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. and Wilson , B. A. 2002 . Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 1737 – 1743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlingeri , M. , Bottini , G. , Basilico , S. , Silani , G. , Zanardi , G. Sberna , M. 2008 . Anatomy of the episodic buffer: A voxel-based morphometry study in patients with dementia . Behavioural Neurology , 19 : 29 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. , Chater , N. and Neath , I. 2008 . Serial and free recall: Common effects and common mechanisms? A reply to Murdock (2008) . Psychological Review , 115 : 781 – 785 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. , Della Sala , S. , Foster , J. K. and Vousden , J. I. 2007 . Amnesia, rehearsal, and temporal distinctiveness models of recall . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 14 : 256 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. , Neath , I. and Chater , N. 2007 . A temporal ratio model of memory . Psychological Review , 114 : 539 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. , Vousden , J. I. and McCormack , T. 2009 . Memory retrieval as temporal discrimination . Journal of Memory and Language , 60 : 194 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caffarra , P. , Vezzadini , G. , Dieci , F. , Zonato , F. and Venneri , A. 2002 . Rey–Osterrieth complex figure: Normative values in an Italian population sample . Neurological Sciences , 22 : 443 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitani , E. , Della Sala , S. , Logie , R. H. and Spinnler , H. 1992 . Recency, primacy, and memory: Reappraising and standardising the serial position curve . Cortex , 28 : 315 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlesimo , G. A. , Fadda , L. , Sabbadini , M. and Caltagirone , C. 1996 . Recency effect in Alzheimer's disease: A reappraisal . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 49 : 315 – 325 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cave , C. B. and Squire , L. R. 1992 . Intact verbal and nonverbal short-term memory following damage to the human hippocampus . Hippocampus , 2 : 151 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak , L. S. , Naus , M. J. and Reale , L. 1976 . Rehearsal strategies of alcoholic Korsakoff patients . Brain and Language , 3 : 375 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , N. 2001 . The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 24 : 87 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. R. and Garthwaite , P. H. 2002 . Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: Confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 1196 – 1208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraco , C. C. , Unsworth , N. , Langley , J. , Terry , D. , Li , K. Zhang , D. 2011 . Complex span tasks and hippocampal recruitment during working memory . NeuroImage , 55 : 773 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischler , I. , Rundus , D. and Atkinson , R. C. 1970 . Effects of overt rehearsal procedures on free recall . Psychonomic Science , 19 : 249 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Giovagnoli , A. R. , Del Pesce , M. , Mascheroni , S. , Simoncelli , M. , Laiacona , M. and Capitani , E. 1996 . Trail making test: Normative values from 287 normal adult controls . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 17 : 305 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glanzer , M. 1972 . “ Storage mechanisms in recall ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. 129 – 193 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glanzer , M. and Meinzer , A. 1967 . The effects of intralist activity on free recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 6 : 928 – 935 .
   Google Scholar
• Horton , K. D. 1976 . Phonemic similarity, overt rehearsal, and short-term store . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory , 2 : 244 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Laming , D. 2006 . Predicting free recalls . Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition , 32 : 1146 – 1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , P. and Warrington , E. K. 1983 . The Graded Naming Test , Windsor , , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Meudell , P. and Mayes , A. 1980 . Do alcoholic amnesic patients passively rehearse information? . Brain and Language , 204 : 189 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B. , Squire , L. R. and Kandel , E. R. 1998 . Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory . Neuron , 20 : 445 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. and Metcalfe , J. 1978 . Controlled rehearsal in single-trial free recall . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 17 : 309 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Neath , I. and Brown , G. D. A. 2006 . Further applications of a local distinctiveness model of memory . Psychology of Learning and Motivation , 46 : 201 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. 1982 . National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test manual , Windsor , , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , I. R. , Moore , K. S. , Stark , M. and Chatterjee , A. 2006 . Visual working memory is impaired when the medial temporal lobe is damaged . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 : 1087 – 1097 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranganath , C. and Esposito , M. D. 2001 . Medial temporal lobe activity associated with active maintenance of novel information . Neuron , 31 : 865 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose , N. S. , Olsen , R. K. , Craik , F. I. M. and Rosenbaum , R. S. 2012 . Working memory and amnesia: The role of stimulus novelty . Neuropsychologia , 50 : 11 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner , M. and Rönnberg , J. 2008 . The role of the episodic buffer in working memory for language processing . Cognitive Processing , 9 : 19 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundus , D. 1971 . Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 89 : 63 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , K. , Rowe , J. B. and Passingham , R. E. 2002 . Parahippocampal reactivation signal at retrieval after interruption of rehearsal . The Journal of Neuroscience , 22 : 6315 – 6320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoville , W. B. and Milner , B. 1957 . Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 20 : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange , B. A , Otten , L. J. , Josephs , O. , Rugg , M. D. and Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Dissociable human perirhinal, hippocampal, and parahippocampal roles during verbal encoding . The Journal of Neuroscience , 22 : 523 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , L. and Ward , G. 2000 . A recency-based account of the primacy effect in free recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 26 : 1589 – 1625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , T. , Kozak , J. and Rees , L. 1999 . Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency FAS and animal naming . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 : 167 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , D. E. , Duff , M. C. , Tranel , D. and Cohen , N. J. 2011 . Observing degradation of visual representations over short intervals when medial temporal lobe is damaged . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 : 3862 – 3873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1998 . Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition (UK) , London , , UK : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , B. , Cockburn , J. and Baddeley , A. D. 1985 . The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test , Reading , , UK : Thames Valley Test Group .
   Google Scholar
• Wixted , J. T. and McDowell , J. J. 1989 . Contributions to the functional analysis of single-trial free recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 15 : 685 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar