How is electrical stimulation of the brain experienced, and how can we tell? Selected considerations on sensorimotor function and speech

References

• Afraz, S. R., Kiani, R., & Esteky, H. (2006). Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization. Nature, 442(7103), 692–695. doi: 10.1038/nature04982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amemori, K., & Graybiel, A. M. (2012). Localized microstimulation of primate pregenual cingulate cortex induces negative decision-making. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 776–785. doi: 10.1038/nn.3088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, P., Hagan, P. J., Phillips, C. G., & Powell, T. P. (1975). Mapping by microstimulation of overlapping projections from area 4 to motor units of the baboon’s hand. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 188(1090), 31–60. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1975.0002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armenta Salas, M., Bashford, L., Kellis, S., Jafari, M., Jo, H., Kramer, D., … Andersen, R. A. (2018). Proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations in humans elicited by intracortical microstimulation. Elife, 7. doi: 10.7554/eLife.32904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asanuma, H., & Rosen, I. (1972). Topographical organization of cortical efferent zones projecting to distal forelimb muscles in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 14(3), 243–256. doi: 10.1007/BF00816161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke, O., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2000). Electrical cortical stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex evokes complex visual hallucinations. Epilepsy & Behavior, 1(5), 356–361. doi: 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature, 419(6904), 269–270. doi: 10.1038/419269a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boatman, D., Lesser, R. P., & Gordon, B. (1995). Auditory speech processing in the left temporal lobe: An electrical interference study. Brain and Language, 51(2), 269–290. doi: 10.1006/brln.1995.1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756. doi: 10.1038/35784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broca, P. (1861). Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé, suivies d’une observation d’aphémie (perte de la parole). Bulletin de la Société anatomique, 6(343), 57.
   Google Scholar
• Broca, P. (1863). Localisation des functions cerebrales. Siege de la faculte du langage articule. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, 4, 200–208.
   Google Scholar
• Broca, P. (1866). Sur la faculté générale du langage, dans ses rapports avec la faculté du langage articulé. Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie Deuxième, 1, 377–382.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P., & Thompson, P. D. (2001). Electrophysiological aids to the diagnosis of psychogenic jerks, spasms, and tremor. Movement Disorders, 16(4), 595–599. doi: 10.1002/mds.1145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celebrini, S., & Newsome, W. T. (1995). Microstimulation of extrastriate area MST influences performance on a direction discrimination task. Journal of Neurophysiology, 73(2), 437–448. doi: 10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, K. L., Guterstam, A., Cronin, J., Olson, J. D., Ehrsson, H. H., & Ojemann, J. G. (2017). Ownership of an artificial limb induced by electrical brain stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(1), 166–171. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616305114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deadwyler, S. A., Hampson, R. E., Song, D., Opris, I., Gerhardt, G. A., Marmarelis, V. Z., & Berger, T. W. (2017). A cognitive prosthesis for memory facilitation by closed-loop functional ensemble stimulation of hippocampal neurons in primate brain. Experimental Neurology, 287(Pt 4), 452–460. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deecke, L., Scheid, P., & Kornhuber, H. H. (1969). Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Experimental Brain Research, 7(2), 158–168. doi: 10.1007/BF00235441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmurget, M., Reilly, K. T., Richard, N., Szathmari, A., Mottolese, C., & Sirigu, A. (2009). Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans. Science, 324(5928), 811–813. doi: 10.1126/science.1169896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue, J. P., Leibovic, S., & Sanes, J. N. (1992). Organization of the forelimb area in squirrel monkey motor cortex: Representation of digit, wrist, and elbow muscles. Experimental Brain Research, 89(1), 1–19. doi: 10.1007/BF00228996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty, R. W. (1965). Conditioned reflexes elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain in Macaques. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28, 623–640. doi: 10.1152/jn.1965.28.4.623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evarts, E. V. (1964). Temporal patterns of discharge of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 27, 152–171. doi: 10.1152/jn.1964.27.2.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier, D. (1886). The functions of the brain (2nd ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Fetz, E. E., Finocchio, D. V., Baker, M. A., & Soso, M. J. (1980). Sensory and motor responses of precentral cortex cells during comparable passive and active joint movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 43(4), 1070–1089. doi: 10.1152/jn.1980.43.4.1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesher, S. N., Collinger, J. L., Foldes, S. T., Weiss, J. M., Downey, J. E., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., … Gaunt, R. A. (2016). Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex. Science Translational Medicine, 8(361), 361ra141. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster, O. (1936a). The motor cortex of man in the light of Hughlings Jackson’s doctrines. Brain, 59(2), 135–159. doi: 10.1093/brain/59.2.135
   Google Scholar
• Foerster, O. (1936b). Motorishce Felder und Bahnen. In O. Bumke & O. Foerster (Eds.), Handbuch der Neurologie (Vol. 6, pp. 1–357). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fried, I., Katz, A., McCarthy, G., Sass, K. J., Williamson, P., Spencer, S. S., & Spencer, D. D. (1991). Functional organization of human supplementary motor cortex studied by electrical stimulation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 11(11), 3656–3666. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-11-03656.1991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch, G., & Hitzig, E. (1870). Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirn [ On the electrical excitability of the cerebrum]. Archive für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 300–332.
   Google Scholar
• Galvani, L. (1791). D viribus electricitatis in motu musculari: Commentarius. Bologna: Tip. Istituto delle Scienze, 1791; 58 p.: 4 tavv. ft; in 4.; DCC. f. 70.
   Google Scholar
• Gentilucci, M., Fogassi, L., Luppino, G., Matelli, M., Camarda, R., & Rizzolatti, G. (1988). Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. I. Somatotopy and the control of proximal movements. Experimental Brain Research, 71(3), 475–490. doi: 10.1007/BF00248741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodale, M. A., Jakobson, L. S., & Keillor, J. M. (1994). Differences in the visual control of pantomimed and natural grasping movements. Neuropsychologia, 32(10), 1159–1178. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(94)90100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodale, M. A., & Milner, A. D. (1992). Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences, 15(1), 20–25. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, H. J., Cusick, C. G., Pons, T. P., & Kaas, J. H. (1986). The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and the frontal eye fields in owl monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 247(3), 297–325. doi: 10.1002/cne.902470303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano, M. S., Aflalo, T. N., & Cooke, D. F. (2005). Arm movements evoked by electrical stimulation in the motor cortex of monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94(6), 4209–4223. doi: 10.1152/jn.01303.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziano, M. S., Taylor, C. S., & Moore, T. (2002). Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of precentral cortex. Neuron, 34(5), 841–851. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00698-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, D. M., Hudson, H. M., Belhaj-Saif, A., & Cheney, P. D. (2011). Hijacking cortical motor output with repetitive microstimulation. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(37), 13088–13096. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6322-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, B., & Jankowska, E. (1976). Direct and indirect activation of nerve cells by electrical pulses applied extracellularly. The Journal of Physiology, 258(1), 33–61. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbet, G., Moritz-Gasser, S., Lemaitre, A. L., Almairac, F., & Duffau, H. (2018). Functional compensation of the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus for picture naming. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1–18. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1477749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Histed, M. H., Bonin, V., & Reid, R. C. (2009). Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation. Neuron, 63(4), 508–522. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Histed, M. H., Ni, A. M., & Maunsell, J. H. (2013). Insights into cortical mechanisms of behavior from microstimulation experiments. Progress in Neurobiology, 103, 115–130. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamura, Y., & Tanaka, M. (1978). Postcentral neurons in hand region of area 2: Their possible role in the form discrimination of tactile objects. Brain Research, 150(3), 662–666. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90834-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamura, Y., Tanaka, M., Sakamoto, M., & Hikosaka, O. (1985). Diversity in receptive field properties of vertical neuronal arrays in the crown of the postcentral gyrus of the conscious monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 58(2), 400–411. doi:10.1007/BF00235321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. H. (1958). On the anatomical and physiological localisation of movements in the brain. In J. Taylor, G. Holmes, & F. M. R. Walshe (Eds.), Selected writings of John Hughlings Jackson, volume one, on epilepsy and epileptiform convulsions (pp. 37–76). New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jankowska, E., Padel, Y., & Tanaka, R. (1975). The mode of activation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical stimuli. The Journal of Physiology, 249(3), 617–636. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas, J., Maillard, L., Frismand, S., Colnat-Coulbois, S., Vespignani, H., Rossion, B., & Vignal, J. P. (2014). Self-face hallucination evoked by electrical stimulation of the human brain. Neurology, 83(4), 336–338. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, H. C., MacKay, W. A., Murphy, J. T., & Wong, Y. C. (1978). Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41(5), 1120–1131. doi: 10.1152/jn.1978.41.5.1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebedev, M. A., & Ossadtchi, A. (2018). Commentary: Injecting instructions into premotor cortex. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 12. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, R. N., Hanby, J. A., & Porter, R. (1976). Relationship between the activity of precentral neurones during active and passive movements in conscious monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences., 194, 341–373. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, R. N., & Porter, R. (1976). Afferent input to movement-related precentral neurones in conscious monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 194, 313–339. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, M. K., Cai, R., Babiak, M. C., Ren, A., & Chang, E. F. (2016). The peri-Sylvian cortical network underlying single word repetition revealed by electrocortical stimulation and direct neural recordings. Brain and Language. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, M. K., Desai, M., Hungate, D., Cai, R., Singhal, N. S., Knowlton, R. C., & Chang, E. F. (2018). Direct cortical stimulation of inferior frontal cortex disrupts both speech and music production in highly trained musicians. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1–9. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1472559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyton, A. S. F., & Sherrington, C. S. (1917). Observations on the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orang-utan, and gorilla. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 11, 137–222. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1917.sp000240
   Google Scholar
• Mainen, Z. F., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1995). Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons. Science, 268(5216), 1503–1506. doi: 10.1126/science.7770778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, W., Woolsey, C. N., & Bard, P. (1941). Observations on cortical somatic sensory mechanisms of cat and monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 4(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1152/jn.1941.4.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Mazurek, K. A., & Schieber, M. H. (2017). Injecting instructions into premotor cortex. Neuron. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megevand, P., Groppe, D. M., Goldfinger, M. S., Hwang, S. T., Kingsley, P. B., Davidesco, I., & Mehta, A. D. (2014). Seeing scenes: Topographic visual hallucinations evoked by direct electrical stimulation of the parahippocampal place area. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(16), 5399–5405. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5202-13.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meletti, S., Tassi, L., Mai, R., Fini, N., Tassinari, C. A., & Russo, G. L. (2006). Emotions induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe. Epilepsia, 47(Suppl 5), 47–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00877.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountcastle, V. B., Davies, P. W., & Berman, A. L. (1957). Response properties of neurons of cats somatic sensory cortex to peripheral stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology, 20(4), 374–407. doi: 10.1152/jn.1957.20.4.374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murasugi, C. M., Salzman, C. D., & Newsome, W. T. (1993). Microstimulation in visual area MT: Effects of varying pulse amplitude and frequency. The Journal of Neuroscience, 13(4), 1719–1729. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01719.1993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey, D. K., Maunsell, J. H., Beauchamp, M. S., & Yoshor, D. (2009). Perceiving electrical stimulation of identified human visual areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(13), 5389–5393. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804998106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, J. T., Kwan, H. C., MacKay, W. A., & Wong, Y. C. (1978). Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. III. Input-output coupling. Journal of Neurophysiology, 41(5), 1132–1139. doi: 10.1152/jn.1978.41.5.1132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orena, E. F., Caldiroli, D., Acerbi, F., Barazzetta, I., & Papagno, C. (2018). Investigating the functional neuroanatomy of concrete and abstract word processing through direct electric stimulation (DES) during awake surgery. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1–11. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1477748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M. C., Belhaj-Saif, A., & Cheney, P. D. (2004). Properties of primary motor cortex output to forelimb muscles in rhesus macaques. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92(5), 2968–2984. doi: 10.1152/jn.00649.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M. C., Belhaj-Saif, A., Gordon, M., & Cheney, P. D. (2001). Consistent features in the forelimb representation of primary motor cortex in rhesus macaques. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(8), 2784–2792. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02784.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone, A., Walsh, V., & Rothwell, J. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience – virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10(2), 232–237. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00081-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield, W., & Boldrey, E. (1937). Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain, 60, 389–443. doi: 10.1093/brain/60.4.389
   Google Scholar
• Penfield, W., & Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man. New York: MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rahm, W. E., & Scarff, J. E. (1943). Electrical excitation of the cerebral cortex: Description of a new stimulator. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 50(2), 183–189. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1943.02290200083007
   Google Scholar
• Rizzolatti, G., Camarda, R., Fogassi, L., Gentilucci, M., Luppino, G., & Matelli, M. (1988). Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Experimental Brain Research, 71(3), 491–507. doi: 10.1007/BF00248742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rofes, A., Mandonnet, E., de Aguiar, V., Rapp, B., Tsapkini, K., & Miceli, G. (2018). Language processing from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1–23. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1485636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romo, R., Hernandez, A., Zainos, A., & Salinas, E. (1998). Somatosensory discrimination based on cortical microstimulation. Nature, 392(6674), 387–390. doi: 10.1038/32891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, I., & Asanuma, H. (1972). Peripheral afferent inputs to the forelimb area of the monkey motor cortex: Input-output relations. Experimental Brain Research, 14(3), 257–273. doi: 10.1007/BF00816162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux, F. E., Djidjeli, I., & Durand, J. B. (2018). Functional architecture of the somatosensory homunculus detected by electrostimulation. The Journal of Physiology, 596(5), 941–956. doi: 10.1113/JP275243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanai, N., Mirzadeh, Z., & Berger, M. S. (2008). Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(1), 18–27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa067819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharff, J. E. (1940). Primary cortical centers for movements of upper and lower limbs in man. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 44(2), 243–299. doi: 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1940.02280080003001
   Google Scholar
• Schieber, M. H. (2001). Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86(5), 2125–2143. doi: 10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, E. M., Bak, M. J., Hambrecht, F. T., Kufta, C. V., O’Rourke, D. K., & Vallabhanath, P. (1996). Feasibility of a visual prosthesis for the blind based on intracortical microstimulation of the visual cortex. Brain, 119(Pt 2), 507–522. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.2.507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibasaki, H., & Hallett, M. (2006). What is the Bereitschaftspotential? Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(11), 2341–2356. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.04.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoney, S. D., Thompson, W. D., & Asanuma, H. (1968). Excitation of pyramidal tract cells by intracortical microstimulation: Effective extent of stimulating current. Journal of Neurophysiology, 31(5), 659–669. doi: 10.1152/jn.1968.31.5.659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabot, G. A., Dammann, J. F., Berg, J. A., Tenore, F. V., Boback, J. L., Vogelstein, R. J., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2013). Restoring the sense of touch with a prosthetic hand through a brain interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(45), 18279–18284. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221113110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef, B. E., Vogels, R., & Janssen, P. (2015). Effects of microstimulation in the anterior intraparietal area during three-dimensional shape categorization. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignal, J. P., Chauvel, P., & Halgren, E. (2000). Localised face processing by the human prefrontal cortex: Stimulation-evoked hallucinations of faces. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(1), 281–291. doi: 10.1080/026432900380616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinrich, M., & Wise, S. P. (1982). The premotor cortex of the monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2(9), 1329–1345. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-09-01329.1982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz, L. (1996). Blindsight revisited. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6(2), 215–220. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80075-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widener, G. L., & Cheney, P. D. (1997). Effects on muscle activity from microstimuli applied to somatosensory and motor cortex during voluntary movement in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77(5), 2446–2465. doi: 10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolsey, C. N., Erickson, T. C., & Gilson, W. E. (1979). Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. Journal of Neurosurgery, 51(4), 476–506. doi: 10.3171/jns.1979.51.4.0476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolsey, C. N., Settlage, P. H., Meyer, D. R., Sencer, W., Hamuy, T. P., & Travis, A. M. (1952). Patterns of localization in precentral and “supplementary” motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area. Research Publications of the Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Disorders, 30, 238–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• York, G. K., & Steinberg, D. A. (1994). Hughlings Jackson’s theory of cerebral localization. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 3(3), 153–168. doi: 10.1080/09647049409525605
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• York, G. K., & Steinberg, D. A. (2011). Hughlings Jackson’s neurological ideas. Brain, 134(Pt 10), 3106–3113. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemann, U. (2010). TMS in cognitive neuroscience: Virtual lesion and beyond. Cortex, 46(1), 124–127. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar