250
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Issue Articles

Multi-factor analysis in language production: Sequential sampling models mimic and extend regression results

, &
Pages 234-264 | Received 26 Jun 2018, Accepted 05 Mar 2019, Published online: 10 May 2019

References

  • Alario, F.-X., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 140–155. doi: 10.3758/BF03195559
  • Alario, F.-X., & Moscoso del Prado Martín, F. (2010). On the origin of the “cumulative semantic inhibition” effect. Memory & Cognition, 38, 57–66. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.1.57
  • Anders, R., Alario, F.-X., & Van Maanen, L. (2016). The shifted Wald distribution for response time data analysis. Psychological Methods, 21, 309–327. doi: 10.1037/met0000066
  • Anders, R., & Batchelder, W. H. (2013). Cultural consensus theory for the ordinal data case. Psychometrika, 80, 151–181. doi: 10.1007/s11336-013-9382-9
  • Anders, R., Oravecz, Z., & Alario, F.-X. (2017). Improved information pooling for hierarchical cognitive models through multiple and covaried regression. Behavior Research Methods. In press.
  • Anders, R., Riès, S., van Maanen, L., & Alario, F.-X. (2015). Evidence accumulation as a model for lexical selection. Cognitive Psychology, 82, 57–73. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.07.002
  • Anders, R., Riès, S., van Maanen, L., & Alario, F.-X. (2017). Lesions to the left lateral prefrontal cortex impair decision threshold adjustment for lexical selection. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34, 1–20. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2017.1282447
  • Baayen, R. H. (2004). Statistics in psycholinguistics: A critique of some current gold standards. Mental Lexicon Working Papers, 1, 1–47.
  • Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390–412. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
  • Baayen, R. H., & Milin, P. (2010). Analyzing reaction times. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 12–28. doi: 10.21500/20112084.807
  • Baayen, H., Vasishth, S., Kliegl, R., & Bates, D. (2017). The cave of shadows: Addressing the human factor with generalized additive mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 206–234. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2016.11.006
  • Balota, D. A., & Yap, M. J. (2011). Moving beyond the mean in studies of mental chronometry the power of response time distributional analyses. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 160–166. doi: 10.1177/0963721411408885
  • Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Cortese, M. J., & Watson, J. M. (2008). Beyond mean response latency: Response time distributional analyses of semantic priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 495–523. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.10.004
  • Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Cortese, M. J., Kessler, B., Loftis, B., … Treiman, R. (2007). The English lexicon project. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 445–459. doi: 10.3758/BF03193014
  • Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
  • Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using eigen and s4. r package version 1.1-7. This is computer program (R package). The URL of the package is: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
  • Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006). Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 11, 142–163. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.142
  • Belke, E., & Stielow, A. (2013). Cumulative and non-cumulative semantic interference in object naming: Evidence from blocked and continuous manipulations of semantic context. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 2135–2160. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2013.775318
  • Bernardo, J. M., & Smith, A. F. M. (2000). Bayesian theory. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
  • Boehm, U., van Maanen, L., Forstmann, B., & van Rijn, H. (2014). Trial-by-trial fluctuations in CNV amplitude reflect anticipatory adjustment of response caution. NeuroImage, 96, 95–105. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.063
  • Box, G. E. P., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 26, 211–252. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x
  • Brown, S., & Heathcote, A. (2008). The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation. Cognitive Psychology, 57, 153–178. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002
  • Burbeck, S. L., & Luce, R. D. (1982). Evidence from auditory simple reaction times for both change and level detectors. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 32, 117–133. doi: 10.3758/BF03204271
  • Busemeyer, J. R., & Townsend, J. T. (1992). Fundamental derivations from decision field theory. Mathematical Social Sciences, 23, 255–282. doi: 10.1016/0165-4896(92)90043-5
  • Cavanagh, J. F., Wiecki, T. V., Cohen, M. X., Figueroa, C. M., Samanta, J., Sherman, S. J., & Frank, M. J. (2011). Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1462–1467. doi: 10.1038/nn.2925
  • Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., & Hellmann, S. (2012). Linked data in linguistics: Representing and connecting language data and language metadata. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Clark, H. H. (1973). The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 335–359. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80014-3
  • Clarke, A., & Tyler, L. K. (2015). Understanding what we see: How we derive meaning from vision. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19, 677–687. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.008
  • Cohen, J. (1983). The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 249–253. doi: 10.1177/014662168300700301
  • Cohen, J. (1990). Things I have learned (so far). American Psychologist, 45, 1304–1312. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.45.12.1304
  • Dang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Chen, H. (2010). A lexicon-enhanced method for sentiment classification: An experiment on online product reviews. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 25, 46–53. doi: 10.1109/MIS.2009.105
  • Dawson, M. R. (1988). Fitting the ex-gaussian equation to reaction time distributions. Behavior Research Methods, 20, 54–57.
  • Dell, G. S., & Gordon, J. K. (2003). Neighbors in the lexicon: Friend or foe? In N. O. Schiller & A. S. Meyer (Eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production: Differences and similarities (pp. 9–37). New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Dell, G. S., Lawler, E. N., Harris, H. D., & Gordon, J. K. (2004). Models of errors of omission in aphasic naming. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 125–145. doi: 10.1080/02643290342000320
  • Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F., Martin, N., Saffran, E. M., & Gagnon, D. A. (1997). Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review, 104, 801–838. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.801
  • DiCarlo, J. J., Zoccolan, D., & Rust, N. C. (2012). How does the brain solve visual object recognition? Neuron, 73, 415–434. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.010
  • Dillon, D. G., Wiecki, T., Pechtel, P., Webb, C., Goer, F., Murray, L., … Weissman, M. (2015). A computational analysis of flanker interference in depression. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2333–2344. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715000276
  • Donkin, C., Averell, L., Brown, S., & Heathcote, A. (2009). Getting more from accuracy and response time data: Methods for fitting the linear ballistic accumulator. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1095–1110. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1095
  • Donkin, C., & Van Maanen, L. (2014). Pie ´ron’s law is not just an artifact of the response mechanism. Journal of Mathe- Matical Psychology, 62, 22–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2014.09.006
  • Dunham, J., Cook, G., & Horner, J. (2014). Lingsync & the online linguistic database: New models for the collection and management of data for language communities, linguists and language learners. Proceedings of the 2014 workshop on the use of computational methods in the study of endangered languages (pp. 24–33).
  • Ferrand, L., & Alario, F.-X. (1998). Normes d’associations verbales pour 366 noms d’objets concrets. L’Année Psychologique, 98, 659–709. doi: 10.3406/psy.1998.28564
  • Folks, J., & Chhikara, R. (1978). The inverse Gaussian distribution and its statistical application–a review. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 40(3), 263–289. doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1978.tb01039.x
  • Forstmann, B. U., Ratcliff, R., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2016). Sequential sampling models in cognitive neuroscience: Advantages, applications, and extensions. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 641–666. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033645
  • Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2016). Wordbank: An open repository for developmental vocabulary data. Journal of Child Language, 44(3), 1–18. doi:10.1017/s0305000916000209
  • Frank, M. J., Gagne, C., Nyhus, E., Masters, S., Wiecki, T. V., Cavanagh, J. F., & Badre, D. (2015). FMRI and EEG predictors of dynamic decision parameters during human reinforcement learning. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 485–494. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2036-14.2015
  • Gelman, A. (2006). Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models. Bayesian Analysis, 1, 515–534. doi: 10.1214/06-BA117A
  • Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., & Rubin, D. B. (2004). Bayesian data analysis (2nd ed). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  • Glaser, W. R. (1992). Picture naming. Cognition, 42, 61–105. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90040-O
  • Gluth, S., & Rieskamp, J. (2017). Variability in behavior that cognitive models do not explain can be linked to neuroimaging data. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 104–116. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2016.04.012
  • Goldstein, H. (2011). Multilevel statistical models. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
  • Hawkins, G. E., Forstmann, B. U., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ratcliff, R., & Brown, S. D. (2015). Revisiting the evidence for collapsing boundaries and urgency signals in perceptual decision-making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 2476–2484. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2410-14.2015
  • Heathcote, A. (2004). Fitting Wald and ex-Wald distributions to response time data: An example using functions for the S-PLUS package. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 678–694. doi: 10.3758/BF03206550
  • Heathcote, A., Popiel, S. J., & Mewhort, D. (1991). Analysis of response time distributions: An example using the stroop task. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 340–347. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.340
  • Howard, D., Nickels, L., Coltheart, M., & Cole-Virtue, J. (2006). Cumulative semantic inhibition in picture naming: Experimental and computational studies. Cognition, 100, 464–482. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.02.006
  • Jiang, Y., Rouder, J. N., & Speckman, P. L. (2004). A note on the sampling properties of the vincentizing (quantile averaging) procedure. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 48, 186–195. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2004.01.002
  • Kelly, S. P., & O’Connell, R. G. (2013). Internal and external influences on the rate of sensory evidence accumulation in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 19434–19441. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3355-13.2013
  • Klauer, K. C., & Kellen, D. (2018). RT-MPTs: Process models for response-time distributions based on multinomial processing trees with applications to recognition memory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 82, 111–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2017.12.003
  • Kruschke, J. K. (2011). Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R and BUGS. New York: Academic Press.
  • Laming, D. R. J. (1968). Information theory of choice-reaction times. London: Academic Press.
  • Lee, M. D. (2011). How cognitive modeling can benefit from hierarchical Bayesian models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 55, 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2010.08.013
  • Leite, F. P., & Ratcliff, R. (2010). Modeling reaction time and accuracy of multiple-alternative decisions. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72, 246–273. doi: 10.3758/APP.72.1.246
  • Lewandowski, D., Kurowicka, D., & Joe, H. (2009). Generating random correlation matrices based on vines and extended onion method. Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 100, 1989–2001. doi: 10.1016/j.jmva.2009.04.008
  • Luce, R. D. (1986). Response times: Their role in inferring elementary mental organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
  • Matzke, D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2009). Psychological interpretation of the ex-Gaussian and shifted Wald parameters: A diffusion model analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 798–817. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.5.798
  • McFall, R. M., Treat, T. A., & Viken, R. J. (1997). Contributions of cognitive theory to new behavioral treatments. Psychological Science, 8, 174–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00406.x
  • McNally, R. J., & Reese, H. E. (2009). Information-processing approaches to understanding anxiety disorders. In Oxford Handbook of anxiety and related disorders (pp. 136–152). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Meyer, A. S. (1992). Investigation of phonological encoding through speech error analyses: Achievements, limitations, and alternatives. Cognition, 42, 181–211. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90043-H
  • Miletić, S., Turner, B. M., Forstmann, B. U., & van Maanen, L. (2017). Parameter recovery for the leaky competing accumulator model. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 25–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2016.12.001
  • Miller, R., Scherbaum, S., Heck, D. W., Goschke, T., & Enge, S. (2017). On the relation between the (censored) shifted Wald and the Wiener distribution as measurement models for choice response times. Applied Psychological Measurement, 42(2), 116–135. doi:10.1177/0146621617710465
  • Mirman, D., Strauss, T. J., Brecher, A., Walker, G. M., Sobel, P., Dell, G. S., & Schwartz, M. F. (2010). A large, search- able, web-based database of aphasic performance on picture naming and other tests of cognitive function. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 27, 495–504. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2011.574112
  • Mulder, M. J., Bos, D., Weusten, J. M., van Belle, J., van Dijk, S. C., Simen, P., … Durston, S. (2010). Basic impairments in regulating the speed-accuracy tradeoff predict symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 1114–1119. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.031
  • Mulder, M., Van Maanen, L., & Forstmann, B. (2014). Perceptual decision neurosciences–a model-based review. Neuroscience, 277, 872–884. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.031
  • Myung, J. I., Tang, Y., & Pitt, M. A. (2009). Evaluation and comparison of computational models. Methods in Enzymology, 454, 287–304. doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)03811-1
  • Nakahara, H., Nakamura, K., & Hikosaka, O. (2006). Extended LATER model can account for trial-by-trial variability of both pre-and post-processes. Neural Networks, 19, 1027–1046. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.07.001
  • Navarrete, E., Del Prato, P., & Mahon, B. Z. (2012). Factors determining semantic facilitation and interference in the cyclic naming paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 38. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00038
  • Neidle, C., & Vogler, C. (2012). A new web interface to facilitate access to corpora: Development of the asllrp data access interface (dai). In Proc. 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon, LREC.
  • Nozari, N., & Hepner, C. R. (2018). To select or to wait? The importance of criterion setting in debates of competitive lexical selection. Cognitive Neuropsychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/02643294.2018.1476335
  • Oganian, Y., Froehlich, E., Schlickeiser, U., Hofmann, M. J., Heekeren, H. R., & Jacobs, A. M. (2016). Slower perception followed by faster lexical decision in longer words: A diffusion model analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1958. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01958
  • Oldfield, R., & Wingfield, A. (1964). The time it takes to name an object. Nature, 202, 1031–1032. doi: 10.1038/2021031a0
  • Oppenheim, G. M. (2017). A blind spot in correct naming latency analyses. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34, 33–41. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2017.1338563
  • Oppenheim, G. M., Dell, G. S., & Schwartz, M. F. (2010). The dark side of incremental learning: A model of cumulative semantic interference during lexical access in speech production. Cognition, 114, 227–252. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.09.007
  • Oravecz, Z., Anders, R., & Batchelder, W. H. (2013). Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for test theory without an answer key. Psychometrika, 80(2), 341–364. doi:10.1007/s11336-013-9379-4
  • Pe, M. L., Vandekerckhove, J., & Kuppens, P. (2013). A diffusion model account of the relationship between the emotional flanker task and rumination and depression. Emotion, 13, 739–747. doi: 10.1037/a0031628
  • Pike, R. (1973). Response latency models for signal detection. Psychological Review, 80, 53–68. doi: 10.1037/h0033871
  • Protopapas, A. (2007). Check vocal: A program to facilitate checking the accuracy and response time of vocal responses from DMDX. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 859–862. doi: 10.3758/BF03192979
  • Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59–108. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.85.2.59
  • Ratcliff, R. (1979). Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 446–461. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.446
  • Ratcliff, R. (1993). Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 510–532. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.510
  • Ratcliff, R., Gomez, P., & McKoon, G. (2004). A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychological Review, 111, 159–182. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.159
  • Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2008). The diffusion decision model: Theory and data for two-choice decision tasks. Neural Computation, 20, 873–922. doi: 10.1162/neco.2008.12-06-420
  • Ratcliff, R., & Smith, P. L. (2004). A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time. Psychological Review, 111, 333–367. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.333
  • Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016). Diffusion decision model: Current issues and history. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 260–281. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007
  • Ratcliff, R., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2002). Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 438–481. doi: 10.3758/BF03196302
  • Ratcliff, R., & Van Dongen, H. P. (2011). Diffusion model for one-choice reaction-time tasks and the cognitive effects of sleep deprivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 11285–11290. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1100483108
  • Ratcliff, R., Van Zandt, T., & McKoon, G. (1999). Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time. Psychological Review, 106, 261–300. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.2.261
  • Ricciardi, L. M. (1977). Diffusion processes and related topics in biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Riès, S., Janssen, N., Burle, B., & Alario, F.-X. (2013). Response-locked brain dynamics of word production. PloS one, 8, e58197. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058197
  • Roelofs, A. (1992). A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition, 42, 107–142. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90041-F
  • Roelofs, A. (2008). Dynamics of the attentional control of word retrieval: Analyses of response time distributions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 303–323. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.303
  • Roelofs, A., & Piai, V. (2017). Distributional analysis of semantic interference in picture naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 782–792. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1165264
  • Rouder, J. N. (2005). Are unshifted distributional models appropriate for response time? Psychometrika, 70, 377–381. doi: 10.1007/s11336-005-1297-7
  • Rouder, J. N., & Lu, J. (2005). An introduction to Bayesian hierarchical mdoels with an application in the theory of signal detection. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 573–604. doi: 10.3758/BF03196750
  • Rouder, J. N., Lu, J., Speckman, P., Sun, D., & Jiang, Y. (2005). A hierarchical model for estimating response time distributions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 195–223. doi: 10.3758/BF03257252
  • Rouder, J. N., Lu, J., Sun, D., Speckman, P., Morey, R., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2007). Signal detection models with random participant and item effects. Psychometrika, 72, 621–642. doi: 10.1007/s11336-005-1350-6
  • Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., & Pratte, M. S. (2013). Hierarchical Bayesian models. Practice, 1, 10.
  • Rouder, J. N., Province, J. M., Morey, R. D., Gomez, P., & Heathcote, A. (2015). The lognormal race: A cognitive-process model of choice and latency with desirable psychometric properties. Psychometrika, 80, 491–513. doi: 10.1007/s11336-013-9396-3
  • Scaltritti, M., Navarrete, E., & Peressotti, F. (2015). Distributional analyses in the picture–word interference paradigm: Exploring the semantic interference and the distractor frequency effects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1348–1369. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.981196
  • Scheibehenne, B., & Pachur, T. (2015). Using Bayesian hierarchical parameter estimation to assess the generalizability of cognitive models of choice. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 391–407. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0684-4
  • Townsend, J. T., & Ashby, F. G. (1983). Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Treat, T. A., & Dirks, M. A. (2007). Integrating clinical and cognitive science. In Psychological clinical science: Papers in honor of Richard M. McFall (pp. 289–318). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Turner, B. M., Van Maanen, L., & Forstmann, B. U. (2015). Informing cognitive abstractions through neuroimaging: The neural drift diffusion model. Psychological Review, 122, 312–336. doi: 10.1037/a0038894
  • Ulrich, R., & Miller, J. (1994). Effects of truncation on reaction time analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 34–80. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.123.1.34
  • Usher, M., Olami, Z., & McClelland, J. L. (2002). Hick’s law in a stochastic race model with speed–accuracy tradeoff. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 46, 704–715. doi: 10.1006/jmps.2002.1420
  • Vandekerckhove, J., Tuerlinckx, F., & Lee, M. D. (2011). Hierarchical diffusion models for two-choice response times. Psychological Methods, 16, 44–62. doi: 10.1037/a0021765
  • Van Maanen, L., Brown, S. D., Eichele, T., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ho, T., Serences, J., & Forstmann, B. U. (2011). Neural correlates of trial-to-trial fluctuations in response caution. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 17488–17495. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2924-11.2011
  • Van Maanen, L., & Van Rijn, H. (2007). An accumulator model of semantic interference. Cognitive Systems Research, 8, 174–181. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.05.002
  • Van Maanen, L., Van Rijn, H., & Taatgen, N. (2012). Race/a: An architectural account of the interactions between learning, task control, and retrieval dynamics. Cognitive Science, 36, 62–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01213.x
  • Van Ravenzwaaij, D., Donkin, C., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2017). The ez diffusion model provides a powerful test of simple empirical effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, 547–556. doi: 10.3758/s13423-016-1081-y
  • Van Zandt, T. (2000). How to fit a response time distribution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 424–465. doi: 10.3758/BF03214357
  • Vincent, S. B. (1912). The functions of the vibrissae in the behavior of the white rat, volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago.
  • Wabersich, D., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2014). The rwiener package: An r package providing distribution functions for the Wiener diffusion model. The R Journal, 6, 49–56. doi: 10.32614/RJ-2014-005
  • Wagenmakers, E.-J., & Brown, S. (2007). On the linear relation between the mean and the standard deviation of a response time distribution. Psychological Review, 114, 830–841. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.830
  • Wagenmakers, E.-J., Ratcliff, R., Gomez, P., & McKoon, G. (2008). A diffusion model account of criterion shifts in the lexical decision task. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 140–159. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.04.006
  • Wagenmakers, E.-J., Van Der Maas, H. L., & Grasman, R. P. (2007). An ez-diffusion model for response time and accuracy. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 3–22. doi: 10.3758/BF03194023
  • Wald, A. (1947). Sequential analysis. New York: John Wiley.
  • Walker, G. M., Hickok, G., & Fridriksson, J. (2018). A cognitive psychometric model for assessment of picture naming abilities in aphasia. Psychological Assessment, 30(6), 809–826.
  • White, C. N., Ratcliff, R., Vasey, M. W., & McKoon, G. (2010a). Anxiety enhances threat processing without competition among multiple inputs: A diffusion model analysis. Emotion, 10, 662–677. doi: 10.1037/a0019474
  • White, C. N., Ratcliff, R., Vasey, M. W., & McKoon, G. (2010b). Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 54, 39–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2010.01.004
  • Wiecki, T. V., Poland, J., & Frank, M. J. (2015). Model-based cognitive neuroscience approaches to computational psychi- atry: Clustering and classification. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 378–399. doi: 10.1177/2167702614565359
  • Wiecki, T. V., Sofer, I., & Frank, M. J. (2013). HDDM: Hierarchical Bayesian estimation of the drift-diffusion model in python. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 7, 14. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2013.00014
  • Winkel, J., Keuken, M. C., Van Maanen, L., Wagenmakers, E.-J., & Forstmann, B. U. (2014). Early evidence affects later decisions: Why evidence accumulation is required to explain response time data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 777–784.
  • Zandbelt, B., Purcell, B. A., Palmeri, T. J., Logan, G. D., & Schall, J. D. (2014). Response times from ensembles of accumulators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 2848–2853. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310577111

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.