Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation Scale in a perinatal sample

References

• Agako, A., Ballester, P., Stead, V., McCabe, R. E., & Green, S. M. (2022). Measures of emotion dysregulation: A narrative review. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 63(3), 376–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agako, A., Donegan, E., McCabe, R. E., Frey, B. N., Streiner, D., & Green, S. (2021). The role of emotion dysregulation in cognitive behavioural group therapy for perinatal anxiety: Results from a randomized controlled trial and routine clinical care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktar, E., Qu, J., Lawrence, P. J., Tollenaar, M. S., Elzinga, B. M., & Bögels, S. M. (2019). Fetal and infant outcomes in the offspring of parents with perinatal mental disorders: Earliest influences. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, E. (2018). Women’s experiences with postpartum anxiety disorders: A narrative literature review. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 237. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S158621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apter, G., Bobin, A., Genet, M.-C., Gratier, M., & Devouche, E. (2017). Update on mental health of infants and children of parents affected with mental health issues. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(10), 72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0820-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avan, B., Richter, L. M., Ramchandani, P. G., Norris, S. A., & Stein, A. (2010). Maternal postnatal depression and children’s growth and behaviour during the early years of life: Exploring the interaction between physical and mental health. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95(9), 690–695. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.164848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., Hannan, S. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2016). Addressing psychometric limitations of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale through item modification. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 298–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1091774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9280-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basharpoor, S., & Taherifard, M. (2020). Predicting the pregnancy anxiety in pregnant women basing on cognitive biases and emotion regulation strategies. Iranian Journal of Pyschiatric Nurses, 7(2), 23–31 . https://doi.org/10.21859/ijpn-07204
   Google Scholar
• Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Rogers, T. A. (2019). Factor structure and incremental validity of the original and modified versions of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(6), 598–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1492927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, A., Bowen, R., Balbuena, L., & Muhajarine, N. (2012). Are pregnant and postpartum women moodier? Understanding perinatal mood instability. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada: JOGC = Journal d’obstetrique et Gynecologie Du Canada: JOGC, 34(11), 1038–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-21631635433-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradizza, C. M., Stasiewicz, P. R., Zhuo, Y., Ruszczyk, M., Maisto, S. A., Lucke, J. F., Brandon, T. H., Eiden, R. D., Slosman, K. S., & Giarratano, P. (2017). Smoking cessation for pregnant smokers: Development and pilot test of an emotion regulation treatment supplement to standard smoking cessation for negative affect smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(5), 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brake, E., Berle, D., Reilly, N. M., & Austin, M. (2020). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and postnatal attachment in women admitted to a mother baby unit. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72(3), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, A. L., Brown, R., & Abbott, M. J. (2022). Overcoming difficulties in measuring emotional regulation: Assessing and comparing the psychometric properties of the DERS long and short forms. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2060629. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2060629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, T., Grecian, S. M., & Reynolds, R. M. (2017). Sex differences in early-life programming of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in humans suggest increased vulnerability in females: A systematic review. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204017441600074X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The Scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, D. W., Bakker, A. M., & Naifeh, J. A. (2017). Emotion dysregulation and social support in PTSD and depression: A study of trauma-exposed veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(5), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona, C., & Russell, D. (1983). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1(1), 37–67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271507385_The_Provisions_of_Social_Relationships_and_Adaptation_to_Stress
   Google Scholar
• D’Agostino, A., Covanti, S., Rossi Monti, M., & Starcevic, V. (2017). Reconsidering emotion dysregulation. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(4), 807–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9499-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Campora, G., Giromini, L., Larciprete, G., Li Volsi, V., & Zavattini, G. C. (2014). The impact of maternal overweight and emotion regulation on early eating behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 15(3), 403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Campora, G., Larciprete, G., Delogu, A. M., Meldolesi, C., & Giromini, L. (2016). A longitudinal study on emotional dysregulation and obesity risk: From pregnancy to 3 years of age of the baby. Appetite, 96, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowse, E., Chan, S., Ebert, L., Wynne, O., Thomas, S., Jones, D., Fealy, S., Evans, T.-J., & Oldmeadow, C. (2020). Impact of perinatal depression and anxiety on birth outcomes: A retrospective data analysis. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(6), 718–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-02906-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L., Wegener, D., MacCallum, R., & Strahan, E. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A multivariate bayesian meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4), 18r12527. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18r12527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery, A. J., Becker, S. P., & Luebbe, A. M. (2016). Does emotion dysregulation mediate the association between sluggish cognitive tempo and college students’ social impairment? Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(9), 802–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714527794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, J. C., Charak, R., Elhai, J. D., Allen, J. G., Frueh, B. C., & Oldham, J. M. (2014). Construct validity and factor structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale among adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 58, 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerardin, P., Wendland, J., Bodeau, N., Galin, A., Bialobos, S., Tordjman, S., Mazet, P., Darbois, Y., Nizard, J., Dommergues, M., & Cohen, D. (2010). Depression during pregnancy: Is the developmental impact earlier in boys? A prospective case-control study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(3), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05724blu
   Google Scholar
• Gingnell, M., Bannbers, E., Moes, H., Engman, J., Sylvén, S., Skalkidou, A., Kask, K., Wikström, J., Sundström-Poromaa, I., & Pawluski, J. (2015). Emotion reactivity is increased 4-6 Weeks postpartum in healthy women: A longitudinal fMRI Study. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0128964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, B. L., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Greene, C. C., Chang, R., & Grasso, D. J. (2021). An Item Response Theory examination of the original and short forms of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(7), 1591–1606. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grekin, R., & O’Hara, M. W. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(5), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriadis, S., Wilton, A. S., Kurdyak, P. A., Rhodes, A. E., VonderPorten, E. H., Levitt, A., Cheung, A., & Vigod, S. N. (2017). Perinatal suicide in Ontario, Canada: A 15-year population-based study. Canadian Medical Association, Journal: CMAJ, 189(34), E1085–E1092. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164
   Google Scholar
• Haga, S. M., Ulleberg, P., Slinning, K., Kraft, P., Steen, T. B., & Staff, A. (2012). A longitudinal study of postpartum depressive symptoms: Multilevel growth curve analyses of emotion regulation strategies, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and social support. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 15(3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-012-0274-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, D. M., Pakenham, K. I., & Smith, A. (2006). Social support and postpartum depressive symptomatology: The mediating role of maternal self-efficacy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(3), 276–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104263675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heh, S.-S., Coombes, L., & Bartlett, H. (2004). The association between depressive symptoms and social support in Taiwanese women during the month. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(5), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horan, P. M., DiStefano, C., & Motl, R. W. (2003). Wording effects in self-esteem scales: methodological artifact or response style? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10(3), 435–455. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (Second ed.). John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471722146
   Google Scholar
• Howell, E. A., Mora, P., & Leventhal, H. (2005). Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2015). IBM Corp: Armonk. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=IBM%20Statistics%2C%20Version%2023.0&publication_year=2015&author=Corp%2CIBM
   Google Scholar
• Ifeagwazi, C. M., Obiajulu, B. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Ndukaihe, I. L. G. (2021). Emotion dysregulation robustly predicts depressive symptoms above and beyond life events and social support in sub-saharan African pregnant women. Women’s Reproductive Health, 8(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2020.1861414
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo Alfaro, I., Olea Díaz, J., & Abad García, F. J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmbach, D. A., Ahmedani, B. K., Gelaye, B., Cheng, P., & Drake, C. L. (2021). Nocturnal cognitive hyperarousal, perinatal-focused rumination, and insomnia are associated with suicidal ideation in perinatal women with mild to moderate depression. Sleep Medicine, 81, 439–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmbach, D. A., Cheng, P., Ong, J. C., Ciesla, J. A., Kingsberg, S. A., Sangha, R., Swanson, L. M., O’Brien, L., Roth, T., & Drake, C. L. (2020). Depression and suicidal ideation in pregnancy: Exploring relationships with insomnia, short sleep, and nocturnal rumination. Sleep Medicine, 65, 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmbach, D. A., Roth, T., Cheng, P., Ong, J. C., Rosenbaum, E., & Drake, C. L. (2020). Mindfulness and nocturnal rumination are independently associated with symptoms of insomnia and depression during pregnancy. Sleep Health, 6(2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. J., Witte, T. K., Bardeen, J. R., Davis, M. T., & Weathers, F. W. (2016). A factor analytic evaluation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(9), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Bowen, A., Bowen, R., Balbuena, L., Feng, C., Bally, J., & Muhajarine, N. (2020). Mood instability during pregnancy and postpartum: A systematic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-00956-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindwall, M., Barkoukis, V., Grano, C., Lucidi, F., Raudsepp, L., Liukkonen, J., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2012). Method effects: The problem with negatively versus positively keyed items. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(2), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.645936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, B., Kaliush, P. R., Conradt, E., Terrell, S., Neff, D., Allen, A. K., Smid, M. C., Monk, C., & Crowell, S. E. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation: Part I. Psychopathology, self-injury, and parasympathetic responsivity among pregnant women. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 817–831. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, R., Monteiro, F., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2018). The role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between attachment representations and depressive and anxiety symptoms in the postpartum period. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marroquín, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1276–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthey, S., Fisher, J., & Rowe, H. (2013). Using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale to screen for anxiety disorders: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(2), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthey, S., Henshaw, C., Elliott, S., & Barnett, B. (2006). Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal depression scale – implications for clinical and research practice. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 9(6), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-006-0152-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekawi, Y., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Dixon, H. D., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. (2021). Validation of the difficulties with emotion regulation scale in a sample of trauma-exposed Black women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S. (2004). Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S. (2005). Emotion and the acceptance-based approaches to the anxiety disorders. In S. M. Orsillo & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment (pp. 37–68). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25989-9_2
   Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2010). Emotion regulation as an integrative framework for understanding and treating psychopathology. In A. M. Kring, & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 356–379). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 866–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merenda, P. F. (1997). A guide to the proper use of factor analysis in the conduct and reporting of research: Pitfalls to avoid. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.1997.12068936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo, P. K. H., Chan, V. W. Y., Chan, S. W., & Lau, J. T. F. (2018). The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model. Addictive Behaviors, 82, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Assessment, 17(1), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109349579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicol-Harper, R., Harvey, A. G., & Stein, A. (2007). Interactions between mothers and infants: Impact of maternal anxiety. Infant Behavior & Development, 30(1), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods Instruments & Computers, 32(3), 396–402. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pencea, I., Munoz, A. P., Maples-Keller, J. L., Fiorillo, D., Schultebraucks, K., Galatzer Levy, I., Rothbaum, B. O., Ressler, K. J., Stevens, J. S., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. (2020). Emotion dysregulation is associated with increased prospective risk for chronic PTSD development. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, J., Venta, A., Garnaat, S., & Sharp, C. (2012). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Factor structure and association with nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-012-9292-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine, C., Kalra, K., Ceide, M., Williams, N. J., Zizi, F., Mendlowicz, M. V., & Jean-Louis, G. (2013). Sleep duration, insomnia symptoms, and emotion regulation among black women. Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy, 2(122), 1000122. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0277.1000122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raudales, A. M., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma type and PTSD symptoms in a diverse trauma-exposed clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razurel, C., & Kaiser, B. (2015). The role of satisfaction with social support on the psychological health of primiparous mothers in the perinatal period. Women & Health, 55(2), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.979969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ree, M. J., French, D., MacLeod, C., & Locke, V. (2008). Distinguishing cognitive and somatic dimensions of state and trait anxiety: Development and validation of the State-Trait Inventory for cognitive and somatic anxiety (STICSA). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465808004232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritschel, L. A., Tone, E. B., Schoemann, A. M., & Lim, N. E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale across demographic groups. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 944–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosebrock, L., Hoxha, D., & Gollan, J. (2015). Affective reactivity differences in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychiatry Research, 227(2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 20), 22–57. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-03251-004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety, depression, substance, eating and borderline personality disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörman, K., Garke, M. Å., Isacsson, N. H., Jangard, S., Bjureberg, J., Hellner, C., Sinha, R., & Jayaram-Lindström, N. (2022). Measures of emotion regulation: Convergence and psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale and emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, A. M., & Mohlman, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the GAD-Q-IV and DERS in older, community-dwelling GAD patients and controls. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, N. R., Gerhart, J., Goldsmith, R. E., Heath, N. M., Chesney, S. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2013). Emotion regulation difficulties, low social support, and interpersonal violence mediate the link between childhood abuse and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2004). Stress burden and the lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorder in young adults: Racial and ethnic contrasts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(5), 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bodegom, M., Homberg, J. R., & Henckens, M. J. (2017). Modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by early life stress exposure. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 11, 87. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dam, N. T., Gros, D. F., Earleywine, M., & Antony, M. M. (2013). Establishing a trait anxiety threshold that signals likelihood of anxiety disorders. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 26(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.631525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F., Eaton, C. A., & Fava, J. L. (2000). Construct explication through factor or component analysis: A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors or components. In R. D. Goffin & E. Helmes (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at Seventy (pp. 41–71). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8_3
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R. B. (1999). Mood changes in mothers and fathers through childbearing: Are the blues so blue? Psychology and Health, 14(5), 847–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449908407351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolz, I., Agüera, Z., Granero, R., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Gratz, K., Menchon, J., & Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2015). Emotion regulation in disordered eating: Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale among Spanish adults and its interrelations with personality and clinical severity. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00907
   Google Scholar
• Woody, C. A., Ferrari, A. J., Siskind, D. J., Whiteford, H. A., & Harris, M. G. (2017). A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwick, W., & Velicer, W. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 432. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.99.3.432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar