237
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Fear of childbirth and its relationship with anxiety and depression among Iranian fathers: a descriptive study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Received 24 Nov 2022, Accepted 04 Sep 2023, Published online: 14 Sep 2023

References

  • Akhtar-Danesh, N., & Landeen, J. (2007). Relation between depression and sociodemographic factors. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-1-4
  • Alipour, Z., Lamyian, M., & Hajizadeh, E. (2012). Anxiety and fear of childbirth as predictors of postnatal depression in nulliparous women. Women & Birth, 25(3), e37–e43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2011.09.002
  • Bayrampour, H., McDonald, S., & Tough, S. (2015). Risk factors of transient and persistent anxiety during pregnancy. Midwifery, 31(6), 582–589.
  • Bergström, M. (2013). Depressive symptoms in new first‐time fathers: Associations with age, sociodemographic characteristics, and antenatal psychological well‐being. Birth, 40(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12026
  • Bergström, M., Rudman, A., Waldenström, U., & Kieler, H. (2013). Fear of childbirth in expectant fathers, subsequent childbirth experience and impact of antenatal education: Subanalysis of results from a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 92(8), 967–973. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12147
  • Bishwajit, G., Tang, S., Yaya, S., & Feng, Z. (2017). Unmet need for contraception and its association with unintended pregnancy in Bangladesh. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1379-4
  • Bradley, R., & Slade, P. (2011). A review of mental health problems in fathers following the birth of a child. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(1), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2010.513047
  • Bruno, A., Celebre, L., Mento, C., Rizzo, A., Silvestri, M. C., De Stefano, R., Zoccali, R. A., & Muscatello, M. R. A. (2020). When fathers begin to falter: A comprehensive review on paternal perinatal depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041139
  • Cox, J. L. (1983). Postnatal depression: A comparison of African and Scottish women. Social Psychiatry, 18(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00583384
  • Darwin, Z., Galdas, P., Hinchliff, S., Littlewood, E., McMillan, D., McGowan, L., & Gilbody, S. (2017). Fathers’ views and experiences of their own mental health during pregnancy and the first postnatal year: A qualitative interview study of men participating in the UK Born and bred in Yorkshire (BaBY) cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1229-4
  • Draper, J. (1997). Whose welfare in the labour room? A discussion of the increasing trend of fathers’ birth attendance. Midwifery, 13(3), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(97)90003-6
  • Eggermont, K., Beeckman, D., Van Hecke, A., Delbaere, I., & Verhaeghe, S. (2017). Needs of fathers during labour and childbirth: A cross-sectional study. Women & Birth, 30(4), e188–e197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2016.12.001
  • Erkaya, R., Karabulutlu, Ö., & Çalık, K. Y. (2017). Defining childbirth fear and anxiety levels in pregnant women. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.151
  • Fairbrother, N., & Woody, S. R. (2007). Fear of childbirth and obstetrical events as predictors of postnatal symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 28(4), 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01674820701495065
  • Fenwick, J., Bayes, S., & Johansson, M. (2012). A qualitative investigation into the pregnancy experiences and childbirth expectations of Australian fathers-to-be. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 3(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2011.11.001
  • Gandomi, N., Sharifzadeh, G., Torshizi, M., Gandomi, F., Malaki Moghadam, H., & Norozi, E. (2017). An enquiry into pregnancy anxiety and associated factors among pregnant women in Birjand in 2016. Journal of Health Sciences & Technology, 1(2), 55–63.
  • Gao, L.-L., Liu, X. J., Fu, B. L., & Xie, W. (2015). Predictors of childbirth fear among pregnant Chinese women: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Midwifery, 31(9), 865–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.05.003
  • Ghaffari, S. F., Elyasi, F., Mousavinasab, S. N., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2021). A systematic review of clinical trials affecting anxiety, stress and fear of childbirth in expectant fathers. Nursing Open, 8(4), 1527–1537. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.681
  • Ghaffari, S. F., Elyasi, F., Mousavinasab, S. N., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2022). The effect of midwifery-led counseling on expectant fathers’ fear of childbirth: A smartphone-based randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04638-7
  • Ghaffari, S. F., Sharif Nia, H., Elyasi, F., Shahhosseini, Z., & Mohammadpoorsaravimozafar, Z. (2021). Design and psychometric evaluation of the fathers’ fear of childbirth scale: A mixed method study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03696-7
  • Hanson, S., Hunter, L. P., Bormann, J. R., & Sobo, E. J. (2009). Paternal fears of childbirth: A literature review. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 18(4), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1624/105812409X474672
  • Hildingsson, I., Haines, H., Johansson, M., Rubertsson, C., & Fenwick, J. (2014). Childbirth fear in Swedish fathers is associated with parental stress as well as poor physical and mental health. Midwifery, 30(2), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.012
  • Hildingsson, I., Johansson, M., Fenwick, J., Haines, H., & Rubertsson, C. (2014). Childbirth fear in expectant fathers: Findings from a regional Swedish cohort study. Midwifery, 30(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.001
  • Hosseini, V. M., Nazarzadeh, M., & Jahanfar, S. (2018). Interventions for reducing fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Women & Birth, 31(4), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.007
  • Jamali, F., Olfati, F., Oveisi, S., & Ranjkesh, F. (2018). Effects of spouses’ involvement in pregnancy on fear of childbirth in nulliparous women. Journal Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 22(2), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.29252/qums.22.2.38
  • Johansson, M., Hildingsson, I., & Fenwick, J. (2014). ‘As long as they are safe–birth mode does not matter’Swedish fathers’ experiences of decision-making around caesarean section. Women & Birth, 27(3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2014.03.003
  • Johansson, M., Rubertsson, C., Rådestad, I., & Hildingsson, I. (2012). Childbirth–an emotionally demanding experience for fathers. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 3(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2011.12.003
  • Kao, B.-C., Gau, M.-L., Wu, S.-F., Kuo, B.-J., & Lee, T.-Y. (2004). A comparative study of expectant parents’ childbirth expectations. Journal of Nursing Research, 12(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JNR.0000387503.21749.0d
  • Leach, L. S., Poyser, C., Cooklin, A. R., & Giallo, R. (2016). Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders (and symptom levels) in men across the perinatal period: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.063
  • Li, H. T., Lin, K. C., Chang, S. C., Kao, C. H., Liu, C. Y., & Kuo, S. C. (2009). A birth education program for expectant fathers in Taiwan: Effects on their anxiety. Birth, 36(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2009.00356.x
  • Longworth, H. L., & Kingdon, C. K. (2011). Fathers in the birth room: What are they expecting and experiencing? A phenomenological study. Midwifery, 27(5), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.013
  • Matthey, S., Barnett, B., Howie, P., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2003). Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: Whatever happened to anxiety? Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00012-5
  • Mazhari, S., & Nakhaee, N. (2007). Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in an Iranian sample. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 10(6), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-007-0204-x
  • Mehrdad, R. (2009). Health system in Iran. JMAJ, 52(1), 69–73.
  • Meleis, A. I., Sawyer, L. M., Im, E.-O., Messias, D. K. H., & Schumacher, K. (2000). Experiencing transitions: An emerging middle-range theory. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200009000-00006
  • Philpott, L. F., Leahy-Warren, P., FitzGerald, S., & Savage, E. (2017). Stress in fathers in the perinatal period: A systematic review. Midwifery, 55, 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.016
  • Pierce, K. C., Perry-Jenkins, M., & Sayer, A. G. (2008). Sense of control predicts depressive and anxious symptoms across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.212
  • Poh, H. L., Koh, S. S. L., Seow, H. C. L., & He, H.-G. (2014). First-time fathers’ experiences and needs during pregnancy and childbirth: A descriptive qualitative study. Midwifery, 30(6), 779–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.10.002
  • Saxbe, D., Horton, K. T., & Tsai, A. B. (2018). The birth experiences questionnaire: A brief measure assessing psychosocial dimensions of childbirth. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(2), 262. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000365
  • Schachman, K. A. (2010). Online fathering: The experience of first-time fatherhood in combat-deployed troops. Nursing Research, 59(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181c3ba1d
  • Schumacher, M., Zubaran, C., & White, G. (2008). Bringing birth-related paternal depression to the fore. Women & Birth, 21(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2008.03.008
  • Schytt, E., & Hildingsson, I. (2011). Physical and emotional self-rated health among Swedish women and men during pregnancy and the first year of parenthood. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 2(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2010.12.003
  • Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., Türkçü, S. G., & Özkan, S. (2020). Why are first time expectant fathers afraid of birth?: A qualitative study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 254, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.09.032
  • Sezgin, A. U., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: The role of partner violence. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-00960-w
  • Sezgin, A. U., & Punamäki, R. L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: The role of partner violence. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-00960-w
  • Shaheen, N. A., AlAtiq, Y., Thomas, A., Alanazi, H. A., AlZahrani, Z. E., Younis, S. A. R. O., & Hussein, M. A. (2019). Paternal postnatal depression among fathers of newborn in Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(1), 1557988319831219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319831219
  • Spice, K., Jones, S. L., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Kowalyk, K., & Stewart, S. H. (2009). Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30(3), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/01674820902950538
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults. https://doi.org/10.1037/t06496-000
  • Taghavi, M., Najafi, M., Kianersi, F., & Aghayan, S. (2013). Comparing of alexithymia, defensive styles and state-trait anxiety among patients with generalized anxiety disorder major depression disorder and normal individuals. Journal of clinical psychology, 5(2), 67–76.
  • van Vulpen, M., Heideveld-Gerritsen, M., van Dillen, J., Maatman, S. O., Ockhuijsen, H., & van den Hoogen, A. (2021). First-time fathers’ experiences and needs during childbirth: A systematic review. Midwifery, 94, 102921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102921
  • Vischer, L. C., Heun, X., Steetskamp, J., Hasenburg, A., & Skala, C. (2020). Birth experience from the perspective of the fathers. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 302(5), 1297–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05714-z

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.